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At least 1,567 records · Page 87Linked to original sources
USGS1978

Quality of water in Pascagoula and Escatawpa Rivers, Jackson County, Mississippi

The chemical and physical properties and the range of concentrations of most constituents in water in the Pascagoula and Escatawpa Rivers during the period May 17-19, 1977, varied rapidly between high and low tides, primarily as the result of interactions of freshwater inflow with highly mineralized Gulf waters. The water at a downstream site of the 11-mile study reach on the Pascagoula River was saline. On May 19, 1977, the dissolved-solids concentration at that site was 14,500 milligrams per liter. At the same time, the water at the mouth of Escatawpa River had a dissolved-solids concentration of 4,600 milligrams per liter. The specific conductance of the water at the downstream sites of both rivers increased with depth and progressively decreased upstream to sites where freshwater inflow was predominant. The specific conductance decreased upstream from a maximum of 40,000 micromhos per centimeter at 25°Celsius at site P1 to 60 micromhos at site P12 on Pascagoula River and from 30,000 micromhos at site E1 to 45 micromhos at site E9 on Escatawpa River. There was evidence of oxygen deficiency (less than 3.0 milligrams per liter) at many sites in deep pools where there is little circulation and mixing of the more dense saltwater. Dissolved-oxygen concentrations ranged from 2.1 to 8.2 milligrams per liter. Biochemical oxygen demand ranged from 0.1 to 3.5 milligrams per liter and was generally less than 2.0 milligrams per liter at most sites. A large part of the total organic carbon in the lower Pascagoula River was carried into the study area by freshwater inflow. Very little organic carbon was being discharged by the Escatawpa River into the Pascagoula River. Total nitrogen moved out of Pascagoula and Escatawpa Rivers at an extremely slow rate and in concentrations of less than 0.1 milligram per liter. The water temperature near the surface at downstream sites on Escatawpa River at low tide was elevated as much as 2.5°C (4.5°F), suggesting thermal loading. The fecal coliform and fecal streptococcal bacteria in Pascagoula and Escatawpa Rivers were in concentrations indicative of manmade pollution. The ratio of the concentrations in which these bacteria were present suggests that both rivers receive human enteric wastes.

Mississippi↗
USGS1979

Quality of water in Bayou Casotte and Bayou Chico, Jackson County, Mississippi

A short-term water-quality study on Bayou Casotte and Bayou Chico on the Mississippi Gulf Coast was conducted on July 25-27, 1978. The results of the study indicated that the chemical and physical properties and range of concentrations of several dissolved constituents in both estuaries varied during a tide cycle primarily as the result of the interaction of freshwater and wastewater inflow with the saline Gulf waters. The water quality condition of both estuaries generally was good and the low 5-day biochemical oxygen demand in the estuaries indicated that excessive oxygen demand was not exerted during the study. The 5-day biochemical oxygen demand generally was less than 3.5 milligrams per liter. Dissolved-oxygen concentrations decreased with depths and the lowest concentrations occurred below 30-foot depths in Bayou Casotte. Oxygen levels at shallow depths generally were less in Bayou Chico than in Bayou Casotte. Dissolved-oxygen concentrations in Bayou Casotte ranged from 0.7 to 7.7 milligrams per liter at high tide and from 2.5 to 8.2 milligrams per liter at low tide. In general, phosphorus and nitrogen species were present in comparatively high concentrations in both estuaries; were higher at low tide that at high tide; and were highest in Bayou Casotte upstream of Bayou Casotte harbor. Concentrations of the nitrogen species during a tide cycle generally were lower at the mouth of Bayou Casotte than at the mouth of Bayou Chico. Fecal bacteria at most sampling sites were generally in concentrations indicative of recent manmade pollution.

Mississippi↗
USGS1980

Quality of water and time of travel in Hobolochitto Creek, Pearl River County, Mississippi

In Mississippi, an intensive study of Hobolochitto Creek, including the lower parts of East and West Hobolochitto Creeks, was conducted on September 12-14, 1978. The quality-of-water data were collected during a period of generally low streamflow and seasonally high air temperatures. These data show that the quality of water in Hobolochitto Creek was generally good. The dissolved-solids concentrations were less than 50 milligrams per liter, and the concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus species were low. The 5-day biochemical oxygen demand generally was minimal, and dissolved-oxygen concentrations were at levels that could support aquatic life. Several water samples contained high fecal bacteria densities and there was evidence of the presence of wastes of human origin, particularly at the downstream sites on Hobolochitto Creek. It was determined from a time-of-travel study that the rate of solute travel is very slow at low streamflow. A peak dye concentration traveled through a 3.7-mile reach of Hobolochitto Creek in 23.5 hours.

Mississippi↗
USGS1980

Paleohydrology of the southern Great Basin, with special reference to water table fluctuations beneath the Nevada Test Site during the late(?) Pleistocene

Knowledge of the magnitude of water-table rise during Pleistocene pluvial climates, and of the resultant shortening of groundwater flow path and reduction in unsaturated zone thickness, is mandatory for a technical evaluation of the Nevada Test Site (NTS) or other arid zone sites as repositories for high-level or transuranic radioactive wastes. The distribution of calcitic veins filling fractures in alluvium, and of tufa deposits between the Ash Meadows spring discharge area and the Nevada Test Site indicates that discharge from the regional Paleozoic carbonate aquifer during the Late( ) Pleistocene pluvial periods may have occurred at an altitude about 50 meters higher than at present and 14 kilometers northeast of Ash Meadows. Use of the underflow equation (relating discharge to transmissivity, aquifer width, and hydraulic gradient), and various assumptions regarding pluvial recharge, transmissivity, and altitude of groundwater base level, suggest possible rises in potentiometric level in the carbonate aquifer of about -90 meters beneath central Frenchman Flat. During Wisconsin time the rise probably did not exceed 30 meters. Water-level rises beneath Frenchman Flat during future pluvials are unlikely to exceed 30 meters and might even be 10 meters lower than modern levels. Neither the cited rise in potentiometric level in the regional carbonate aquifer, nor the shortened flow path during the Late( ) Pleistocene preclude utilization of the NTS as a repository for high-level or transuranic-element radioactive wastes provided other requisite conditions are met as this site. Deep water tables, attendant thick (up to several hundred meter) unsaturated zones, and long groundwater flow paths characterized the region during the Wisconsin Stage and probably throughout the Pleistocene Epoch and are likely to so characterize it during future glacial periods. (USGS)

Open-File Report↗
USGS1980

Quality of water in the Pearl River, Jackson to Byram, Mississippi, September 21-22, 1976

The Pearl River in Mississippi, entering the study reach at site 1 at Jackson, was generally higher in dissolved-oxygen concentrations and lower in dissolved-solids, nutrients, and biochemical oxygen demands than at site 13 at Byram 11.8 miles downstream of site 1 and about 11 river miles downstream of treated sewage inflow. The dissolved oxygen concentrations of the water ranged from 6.4 to 7.8 milligrams per liter at site 1, and from 4.9 to 7.4 milligrams per liter at site 13. The average dissolved-solids concentrations were 60 and 97 milligrams per liter at sites 1 and 13, respectively. The average dissolved-solids load increased downstream about 35 tons per day. The average loads of 5-day biochemical oxygen demand, total phosphorus, and ammonia increased downstream about 2, 0.7, and 0.6 tons per day, respectively. The water in the study reach contained color, total iron, and manganese concentrations that exceeded limits recommended for public water supplies. Trace amounts of some pesticides and minor elements were present in both the water and bottom material at sites 1 and 13. The concentrations of most dissolved constituents were below recommended limits during the study and the Pearl River in the study reach may be considered usable for many purposes. (USGS)

Open-File Report↗
USGS1980

Quality of water and time of travel in Yockanookany River, Choctaw County, Mississippi

An intensive study of a 3.3-mile reach of the Yockanookany River, including a major tributary, was conducted August 29-31, 1978. The quality-of-water data were collected during a period of generally law streamflow and seasonally high air temperatures. These data show that the quality of water in Yockanookany River was generally good. The dissolved-solids concentrations were less than 50 milligrams per liter, and the concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus compounds were low. Ammonia nitrogen and total nitrogen concentrations were higher downstream than upstream. Ammonia nitrogen concentrations ranged from 0.10 to 0.40 milligrams per liter and total phosphorous concentrations ranged from 0.14 to 0.43 milligrams per liter at the downstream site. The 5-day biochemical oxygen demand in the river entering and leaving the study reach generally was less than 2.5 and 6.0 milligrams per liter, respectively. Dissolved-oxygen concentrations generally were higher at the upstream site than the downstream site and were at levels that could support aquatic life at both sites. Several water samples collected at the downstream site contained high fecal bacteria densities and there was some evidence of the presence of wastes of human origin. It was determined from a time-of-travel study that the rate of solute travel was 0.15 mile per hour at law streamflow. A peak dye concentration traveled through a 3.3 mile reach of Yockanookany River in 221/2 hours.

Mississippi↗
USGS1981

Time-of-travel study in the Sebasticook River basin, Maine

Time of travel was determined for four reaches of the Sebasticook River, two on the East Branch Sebasticook River, and two on the main stem of the Sebasticook River. Reach A included 7.8 miles of the East Branch Sebasticook River from Dexter to Corinna, Maine. Reach B included 8 miles of the East Branch Sebasticook River from Newport to its mouth, and 1 mile of the Sebasticook River to Peltoma bridge near Pittsfield, Maine. Reach C included 3.5 miles of the Sebasticook River from Hartland to West Palmyra, Maine. Reach D included 31.4 miles of the Sebasticook River from Pittsfield to Winslow, Maine. Using a 20-percent solution of rhodamine WT fluorescent dye, three dye-tracer type time-of-travel study runs were made in each reach. Water samples were collected at 10 sites in the study area. The samples were then analyzed for dye concentrations. Time-of-travel data for each subreach are depicted in a series of illustrations and summarized in tabular form. Examples are given to illustrate use of the data presented.

Maine↗
USGS1981

Quality of water and time of travel in part of Tillatoba Creek basin, Mississippi, October 1974 to September 1980

A 6-year quality of water and time-of-travel study was conducted during the construction phase of a flood-water protection and flood prevention project in a 118 square mile area of Tillatoba Creek basin in northwest Mississippi. Weekly suspended sediment, daily discharge, time of travel, nutrient, biochemical oxygen demand, bacteria and field data were collected. The study was conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the U.S. Soil Conservation Service. The results of the study are presented in graphs and tables in this report without interpretation.

Mississippi↗
USGS1986

Irrigation data from Castro and Parmer Counties, Texas, 1983-84

Castro and and Parmer Counties, with an estimated 700,000 acres under irrigation, are two of the leading agricultural counties in Texas. This report summarizes irrigation data collected by the U.S. Geological Survey at 64 randomly-selected sites as part of a study to better define the relationship between pumpage for irrigation and return flow to the High Plains aquifer from applied water (irrigation plus precipitation). The irrigation data include well yields, time of operation, fuel consumption, and water applied to individual crops for the 1983 and 1984 growing seasons. The average water application rate for corn was 35.1 inches in 1983 and 31.5 inches in 1984; the rate for cotton was 12.4 inches in 1983 and 13.7 inches in 1984; and the rate for wheat was 15.5 inches in 1984.

Texas↗
USGS1997

Stream Stability and Scour Assessments at Bridges in Massachusetts

In 1989, the Federal Highway Administration mandated that every state establish a program to evaluate the vulnerability to floods of all bridges over water. The Massachusetts Highway Department entered into a cooperative effort with the U.S. Geological Survey to comply with this mandate. Geomorphic and hydraulic characteristics were collected and were used to assess the processes that affect stream stability and current scour problems and potential near 2,361 bridge sites in Massachusetts. As a result of these assessments, the Massachusetts Highway Department will prioritize the bridge inventory for action regarding scour safety. A data base was prepared that includes the geomorphic and hydraulic data collected during field assessments. In addition to the data base, this report includes the historical development of the bridge scour program, the methods used for data collection during assessments, the methods used for quality assurance and quality control, and how the data base was digitally formatted to be presented on a CD-ROM. A user's guide provides assistance in the use of this electronic data base and report.

Open-File Report↗
USGS1980

Composition and properties of the Pierre Shale and equivalent rocks, northern Great Plains region

The Pierre Shale and equivalent rocks of Late Cretaceous age consist in the east-central Dakotas of several hundred feet of offshore-marine shale and minor marl; in west-central Montana near the sediment source the equivalents of the Pierre Shale consist of several thousand feet of volcanic-rich and mostly nonmarine sediments; and in the area between, both types of rock are separated by tongues of nearshore-marine siltstone and sandstone that mark three major transgressions of the sea across the area. The major-, minor-, and trace-element composition was determined for 226 samples of these rocks, and the mineralogical composition was determined for 1,350 samples. Slurry pH, Atterberg limits, and grain and bulk densities were determined on some samples. The arithmetic mean, in percent, and standard deviation (in parentheses) of major and minor elements, mostly in shale and siltstone and excluding the 23 chemically analyzed bentonite samples, are as follows: SiO2 60.8 (7.9) Al2O3 14.4 (2.5) Fe2O3 3.4 (1.4) FeO 1.1 (1.2) MgO 2.2 (1.0) CaO 2.7 (0.48) Na2O 1.1 (0.56) K2O 2.4 (0.57) H2O- 3.2 (1.3) H2O+ 4.3 (1.2) TiO2 0.58 (0.12) P2O5 0.14 (0.073) S 0.37 (1.1) F 0.71 (0.15) Cl 0.16 (0.024) CO2 2.1 (7.0) C, organic 0.94 (1.8) The mean and standard deviation of minerals as determined by X-ray methods, excluding bentonite samples, is as follows: clay minerals, 53 (20); quartz, 24 (13); cristobalite, 1 (5); potassium-feldspar, 1 (2); plagioclase, 6 (7); anorthite content from 20 to 40 percent; calcite, 5 (14); dolomite, 4 (7); organic matter, 1 (2); and sparsely scattered gypsum, jarosite, pyrite, zeolites, augite, siderite, and probably minor amounts of hydrated iron-manganese (Fe-Mn) oxides. The mean and standard deviation of the clay-mineral fraction is as follows: mixed-layer illite-smectite, 70 (20); illite, 16 (9); chlorite, 3 (6); and kaolinite, 9 (13). The mixed-layer clay, except in the Montana disturbed belt, is a random interlayering of 20 to 60 percent illite-type layers, about 35 percent beidelite-type layers, and the remainder montmorillonite-type layers; chlorite or vermiculite layers are rare. Most bentonite differs from shale in its small quartz content, rarely more than a few percent, in the more calcic composition and hightemperature thermal state of its plagioclase, and in its rare kaolinite, near absence of chlorite, and lack of illite-either free or mixed layered with smectite. Bentonite commonly consists of more than 90 percent smectite in which montmorillonite is interlayered with a smaller amount of beidellite. The clay-mineral composition of marine rock, including proportions of layers in the dominant illite-smectite, averages about the same as in the nonmarine rock, though in the latter the composition is more variable. The average content of major chemical constituents also is closely similar, partly because the large clay content of fine-grained offshore-marine shale is balanced by the small clay content of nearshore-marine siltstone and sandstone. In addition, the alumina and alkalic elements in an average of 10 percent more clay in marine rock are partly balanced by these constituents in the 5 percent more feldspar in nonmarine rock. Much of the observed regional and stratigraphic variation in maj or constituents is the result of the three major east-west migrations of the depositional sites of nearshore-marine sandstone and siltstone. Dolomite is found almost exclusively in relatively coarse-grained rock, particularly in nearshore-marine siltstone where diagenetic dolomite is expected, but it is found almost as frequently in nonmarine siltstone. Amounts of minor constituents are nearly equal in marine and nonmarine rocks, except that pyrite and consequently sulfur are relatively sparse in nonmarine rock. Average amounts of organic matter found in marine and nonmarine rocks are nearly identical. However, organic matter in nonmarine rock occurs almost entirely in volumetric

North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana↗