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At least 253 records · Page 14Linked to original sources
USGS2026

Advancing outreach effectiveness to improve conservation practice adoption

Agricultural conservation practices are central to achieving Chesapeake Bay watershed restoration goals, yet long-term adoption remains challenging even when practices are technically effective and financial assistance is available. Adoption is not a single decision, but a staged and context-dependent process. Awareness and willingness to commitment, implementation, and persistence, are all important. Progress along this pathway is influenced by interacting factors such as knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, social norms, trust, perceived risk, farm characteristics, and practical constraints. Improving adoption requires outreach strategies that respond to the specific factors limiting progress at each stage rather than relying on a one-size-fits-all approach.

Chesapeake Bay watershed↗
USGS2026

Landscape-scale drivers of bat acoustic activity in the interior mid-Atlantic

We assessed the landscape scale foraging habitat associations from a multi-year perspective using generalized linear mixed models for nine bat species using bat detectors in the interior mid-Atlantic region of Maryland and Pennsylvania, United States. The landscape use trends we detected included greater Eptesicus fuscus acoustic activity along field edges than in forested habitats, and greater Lasiurus borealis acoustic activity in xeric conditions rather than hydric/mesic conditions relative to aspect. Additionally, no bat species had a meaningful relationship with McNab’s Landform Index, atypical for Myotis septentrionalis. Our results also demonstrate that most bat species’ acoustic activity were stable over years though some counts were extremely low, attributable in part to population reductions from white-nose syndrome. We also observed variation of bat activity on the landscape throughout the active season. Eptesicus fuscus, M. lucifugus, M. septentrionalis, M. sodalis, and Perimyotis subflavus acoustic activity levels over the active season appear to be related to the annual reproductive cycle, i.e., pregnancy, lactation, and volancy of pups. Our study is indicative that bat acoustic activity can vary between regions and years, highlighting the need for more multi-year, locally focused research of bats.

Maryland, Pennsylvania↗
USGS2026

Validating antler- and movement-based estimates of caribou reproduction using video camera collars

Wildlife agencies invest substantial resources in monitoring ungulate reproductive rates given ongoing concerns about population trends and their implications for management. For barren-ground caribou ( Rangifer tarandus ) in the North American Arctic, data on parturition and neonate survival have traditionally been collected using visual observations of antler retention and calf presence from small, fixed-wing aircraft. However, these surveys are weather-dependent, expensive, and dangerous, motivating the development of movement-based approaches that infer reproductive events from global positioning system (GPS) location data. We had the unique opportunity to use video camera collars to validate both antler- and movement-based methods for estimating reproduction in barren-ground caribou, using data from the Porcupine (2018–2023) and Western Arctic (2021, 2023) herds in Alaska, USA, and Yukon, Canada. For the movement-based approaches, we assessed individual-based and population-based methods, which both inferred parturition following a sharp decline in movement and inferred calf loss following a sharp increase in movement. We investigated these approaches using rarified 1-, 2-, 4-, and 8-hour fix intervals. Based on video collar observations, we found that antler retention at the onset of the calving period was highly accurate for predicting parturition (96% accuracy) but became unreliable as calving progressed, as approximately 80% of parturient females shed their antlers during the calving period. In contrast, both movement methods performed marginally for estimating caribou parturition (~70% accuracy), with estimates from the individual-based method exhibiting greater bias than those from the population-based method. The individual-based method also poorly predicted neonate survival (≤49% accuracy for detecting parturition and calf fate for the Porcupine Herd). Video data revealed that inaccuracies with the movement methods often occurred when caribou bedded during storms, rested after traversing mountainous terrain, lost a calf shortly after birth, or increased movement to evade insects. These results have important implications for management agencies using antler- and movement-based methods to estimate caribou reproduction, particularly when informing assessments of population decline or recovery. Our results demonstrate the utility of video collar data for validating reproductive monitoring approaches and provide insights into how these approaches can be improved.

Alaska, Yukon↗
USGS2026

Recent high-severity wildfires in a dry-conifer landscape are unprecedented over five centuries and foretell future forest loss

Dry forests of the western United States evolved with frequent, spatially extensive, low-severity fires, followed by a century of fire exclusion. Recently, these same forests have experienced large and increasingly severe fires causing widespread forest loss. To what extent do modern high-severity fires depart from pre-1900 fire regimes, and how do these departures affect the future persistence of dry-conifer forests? We address these questions using a multiscalar approach that combines the largest landscape-scale tree-ring fire-scar network in North America with neutral landscape model simulations in the Jemez Mountains of northern New Mexico. Fire scars recorded a continuous 400-y history (ca. 1500–1900 CE) of frequent, low-severity fires across individual sites, landscapes, and centuries. We evaluated whether forests exhibiting this record could plausibly persist if they had historically burned under modern patterns of high-severity fire. Across the 240,000-ha Jemez landscape, high-severity fires from 1995–2024 burned 32% of fire-scar sites and 25% of dry-conifer forests. Within the Las Conchas Fire perimeter—a 61,000 ha area reburned by multiple fires—66% of fire-scar sites and 71% of forests were burned at high severity, erasing multiple centuries of forest and fire history. Simulations indicate that the probability of the observed fire-scar network persisting under modern high-severity fire rates is near-zero ( P < 0.001). Projecting these dynamics forward indicates rapid loss of both dry-conifer forests and tree-ring fire histories—50% of modern dry-conifer forest will remain by 2055, and 24% by 2115. Modern high-severity fire regimes appear incompatible with dry-conifer forest persistence.

New Mexico↗
USGS2026

Future proofing black bass management: Modernizing the fisheries manager’s toolbox

Objectives A number of key factors are important to bass fisheries management. To adapt to a changing socioeconomic landscape and fish practices, bass fisheries managers can learn from past and current actions in an effort to incorporate new tools that are suitable for management in a changing landscape. Methods From existing generalized life cycles of fisheries coupled with the hierarchy of needs model of human development, I developed a life cycle of bass fisheries, which incorporates major trends in bass science, management, and utility over time. By visualizing past trends, one can visualize potential futures from which managers can proactively plan for management. Results The bass fisheries life cycle illustrates the change in perspective over time relative to bass utility in concert with the change in society from colonization to industrialization and modernization. Throughout this life cycle, science has had an interest in defining black bass species, with resolution affecting management. Over time, commercial interests in black bass as a food source predominated, followed by recreational interests. However, at the current stage, black bass fisheries appear to be dominated by two potentially conflicting interests: eradication–control of invasive bass populations and trophy-seeking. Using this model, I identified toolsets for black bass managers to incorporate into their toolboxes for the future. Conclusions The black bass life cycle suggests an increased emphasis in the future on managing for native populations in their natural habitat simultaneously with trophy fish management. In both cases, genetics tools will be necessary to aid their management. New population and habitat assessment tools will also likely be required beyond what has been currently typical. Additionally, human dimensions and conflict resolution skills will further enable black bass managers to work more efficiently in an increasingly dynamic landscape.

North American Journal of Fisheries Management↗
USGS2026

Long-term monitoring and response of Papaipema sciata Bird (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to prescribed fire in Michigan (USA)

The Culver’s root borer moth ( Papaipema sciata ) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a rare Noctuid that requires Culver’s root ( Veronicastrum virginicum ) to complete its lifecycle within remnant native grasslands and open woodlands in the midwest and northeast United States. We report on 26 years of monitoring this species’ colonization of Culver’s root stems at Algonac State Park (ASP) in Michigan, where prairies have been maintained by prescribed fire since 1990. P. sciata is considered fire sensitive because eggs spend the dormant season in the combustible prairie litter and duff near host plants. The objectives were to determine the effect of prescribed burns, burn unit size, and local precipitation on P. sciata population size and abundance of host plant V. virginicum . The moth has one generation per year and exhibits low dispersal capabilities—traits which presumably inhibit recolonization of burned areas, particularly when they are patchy, fragmented, and separated by closed canopy forest or agricultural lands. P. sciata colonization (defined as the proportion of V. virginicum plants hosting larvae) and total V. virginicum stems, though spatially and temporally variable, appear stable. Our results suggest that P. sciata abundance increases when managers lengthen the time interval between fires in a given burn unit, but this effect appears to diminish after three years. We also found precipitation during the adult (egg-laying) phase of P. sciata ’s life-cycle is positively associated with colonization rate, while the inverse was true for annual cumulative precipitation across all life cycle phases. We did not find evidence that colonization rate increased with increasing host plant abundance, indicating that host plant population size is not a suitable proxy to assess population size of the moth. The data also support current temporal guidance regarding prescribed fire and Papaipema at ASP.

Michigan↗
USGS2026

The eruptive behavior of distributed volcanism forming low shield edifices—A case study of Sentinel-Arlington volcanic field, U.S.A.

Distributed volcanic fields are present in various tectonic settings worldwide, and their characteristics reflect differing influences from magmatic and tectonic processes. In the southwestern United States alone, there are 37 Quaternary distributed volcanic fields. After the primary period of extensional tectonics in the southern Basin and Range 15–5 million years ago, the Sentinel-Arlington volcanic field developed in southwestern Arizona between 4 and 1 million years ago. The Sentinel-Arlington volcanic field consists primarily of low relief shield volcanoes, a type of distributed volcanism with poorly understood temporal evolution. The Sentinel-Arlington volcanic field is less than 200 kilometers (km) from the Colorado Plateau, Gulf of California, and southern San Andreas Fault system. This work identifies and examines controls on the emplacement of the Sentinel-Arlington volcanic field by documenting shallow and surficial structures as well as eruption characteristics and style through time. The Sentinel-Arlington volcanic field consists of 21 volcanoes with a total of 33 vents over an area of about 770 square kilometers (km 2 ). The prominence of low relief shield volcanoes may be explained by ascent of basaltic magmas through thin Basin and Range crust, without much crustal contamination, and low viscosities common to mafic compositions. Typical eruption characteristics involve the construction of low relief shield volcanoes followed by Strombolian fissure eruptions at the summits or near-summit medial areas that produce scoria lapilli, which may weld to form agglomerate. The total lifetime erupted volume of about 4.3 cubic kilometers (km 3 ) represents an average eruptive flux of approximately 2x10 -3 km 3 per thousand years (k.y.). This erupted volume is low relative to Neogene basaltic intraplate distributed volcanic fields worldwide, which typically range from 10 -3 to 1 km 3 k.y. -1 . Sentinel-Arlington volcanic field eruptions were likely triggered by intermittent rejuvenation of transient magmatic zones that exist in thinned crust. Instantaneous flux from point sources feeding the lava flows is estimated to be on the order of 10 -1 to 10 cubic meters per second.

Arizona↗
USGS2026

Shifting phenology in planktonic foraminifera in the Gulf of America (Mexico) with 21st century warming

We investigate trends in foraminiferal phenology using a 12-year (2008–2020), well-resolved (7 to 28-day resolution) time series of planktonic foraminiferal fluxes from a U.S. Geological Survey sediment trap in the northern Gulf of America (Gulf of Mexico; 27.5°N, 90.3°W). The total foraminiferal flux declined over this time. We used Horn-Morisita dissimilarity analysis, principal coordinate analysis, and correlation matrices to show that fall assemblages became more similar in composition to summer assemblages (July–September) over the 12 years. As a result, winter (January–March) and fall (October–December) assemblages, which dominate the total annual foraminiferal flux, became more dissimilar in composition. This pattern is consistent with multidecadal, non-uniform trends of increasing seasonal sea surface temperatures, affecting the seasonality and composition of foraminiferal communities through changing species phenology. We speculate that similar phenological changes across plankton communities might have led to trophic mismatch, causing the decline in total foraminiferal flux.

Journal of Foraminiferal Research↗
USGS2026

Southern (California) sea otter population status and trends at San Nicolas Island, 2023–winter 2026

The southern sea otter ( Enhydra lutris nereis ) population at San Nicolas Island, California, has been monitored annually since the translocation of 140 sea otters to the island was completed in 1990. Monitoring efforts have varied in frequency and method across years. In 2017, in accordance with the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2016, the U.S. Navy and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service formally initiated a sea otter monitoring and research plan to determine the effects of military readiness activities on the growth or decline of the southern sea otter population at San Nicolas Island. The monitoring program, at its basic level, includes quarterly seasonal surveys of population abundance, distribution, and foraging activity. This report presents data from the program with a focus on the recent three years from winter 2023 through winter (February) 2026. From 2023 to 2026, we measured an 8.1-percent per annum decrease in population abundance (95-percent confidence interval =1.1–14.6 percent), with 106 total individuals counted as of February 2026. Historically, sea otter habitat usage at San Nicolas Island was concentrated on the west end of the island. Between 2017 and 2019, we observed increased seasonal usage of the north and south sides of the island, and in 2020-2022, a large (approximately 30-40 individuals) group of sea otters (raft) took up residence off the east end. During 2023-2026 the east end raft disappeared, and sea otters returned to their historical habitat usage patterns at the west end of the island. Foraging data were collected from summer 2023 to winter 2026 on a total of 461 foraging dives in 32 foraging bouts, and the majority of identified prey on successful dives (n=325) were sea urchins (124) followed by snails (48), bivalves (41) and crabs (23). One lobster and one octopus were also identified among the sea otter prey items. We combined these data with data from 2020-2022 to estimate overall energy intake rates that averaged 7.7 kilocalories per minute (95-percent credible interval =6.6–9.1 kilocalories per minute). These results can be useful to the planning of future monitoring and research of sea otters at San Nicolas Island.

BioRxiv↗
USGS2026

Documentation of giant floater (Pyganodon grandis) glochidia attached to larval lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) in the Laurentian Great Lakes

Native freshwater mussels (family Unionidae) are in decline globally, including in the Laurentian Great Lakes. Glochidia, the parasitic larvae of unionid mussels, typically attach to sub-adult and adult fishes. Attachment of glochidia to larval fishes is more rare, and a lack of documentation exists on glochidial attachment on fish in the Great Lakes in general. We document the attachment of four glochidia to three larval lake whitefish ( Coregonus clupeaformis ) in shallow waters of Lake Superior, and we genetically identified the glochidia as giant floater ( Pyganodon grandis ). We only observed glochidia at 3% of all sites sampled on ∼0.02% of all fish (∼15,000) collected across lakes Superior, Michigan, and Huron. Although glochidial encystment on larval lake whitefish may be rare, it may also be difficult to detect with conventional sampling methods. Regardless, the association could have important implications for the ecology and conservation of both unionids and coregonines in the ever-changing Great Lakes.

Michigan, Ontario, Wisconsin↗
USGS2026

Statewide surficial geologic map of Nebraska underscores Quaternary landscape evolution from the High Plains to the Central Lowland

Surficial geologic mapping in Nebraska has been conducted primarily at the 1:24,000 scale since the mid-1990s, although there have also been limited efforts to map generalized Quaternary and surficial geology within the state and the region. We compiled and evaluated disparate maps (1:24,000–1:1,000,000) and datasets—including geologic, soil and soil parent material, and geomorphic maps as well as LiDAR derivatives—to produce a single 1:500,000 scale surficial geologic map of Nebraska that is the first of its kind. This new map provides a coarse-scale surficial geologic map that will be incorporated into a nationwide U.S. Geological Survey Quaternary geologic map. It also reflects the variation and uniqueness of physical landscapes in the state, where the Great Plains and Central Lowland physiographic provinces meet, further developing a richer interdisciplinary understanding of regional geomorphology in the heart of North America.

Nebraska↗
USGS2026

On-demand global Landsat evapotranspiration product: Development, evaluation, and dissemination

Global actual evapotranspiration (ET) is one of the essential climate variables needed to understand and manage the relationships among food, energy, and water resources. The U.S. Geological Survey Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center launched a provisional ET product in 2020, offering on-demand, field-scale global coverage derived from Landsat data through the EROS Science Processing Architecture (ESPA) platform. The ESPA interface provides ET data for cloud-free Landsat overpasses starting in 1982 with Landsat 4 through the current Landsat 9. The ET data are delivered as a Provisional Level-3 Science product created using the Operational Simplified Surface Energy Balance (SSEBop) model. Landsat surface temperature and reference ET are the main model drivers along with vegetation index and net radiation for model parameterization. A large volume of Landsat-based ET orders (e.g., over 1,200,000 images from June 2020 through December 2025) around the world indicate increasing awareness and application of the ET data. The ESPA platform enables land and water resource managers and researchers to access a first-order ET product without requiring advanced knowledge of remote sensing technology or evapotranspiration modeling. We present the methodology and workflow of the on-demand Landsat ET product and its performance evaluations over diverse hydro-climatic settings. The product can help estimate field-scale consumptive water use and thus quickly and consistently assess historical water use, allocation, and budget to inform water management under changing environments. Future ET data aggregated to monthly and seasonal time scales are expected to enhance integration with decision-making tools and procedures.

Remote Sensing of Environment↗
USGS2026

Temporal replication and sampling efficiency in high-frequency autonomous and manual eDNA sampling

Environmental DNA (eDNA) sampling is a valuable tool for ecological research, but its reliability as a quantitative approach can be improved by accounting for unexplained spatiotemporal variability and autocorrelation in eDNA concentrations. Sampling designs with temporal replication can separate sampling variation from temporal variation, but obtaining true temporal replicates is difficult when samples are collected sequentially. Autosamplers may facilitate high-frequency eDNA sampling, but their sequential sampling structure raises questions about when closely spaced samples can reasonably be treated as temporal replicates. This 19.5-day study evaluated temporal variation in invasive Round Goby ( Neogobius melanostomus ) eDNA concentration at a single large-river site with short-term hydrologic variability. We used two synchronized autosamplers and a backpack sampler to collect samples as frequently as every 15 min using polyethersulfone (PES) or mixed cellulose ester (MCE) filters. We fit hierarchical temporal models that decomposed sampling and temporal variation, evaluated evidence for residual temporal correlation under alternative priors for the effective range, and used simulation to assess bias when closely spaced sequential samples were treated as simultaneous temporal replicates. We found evidence of residual temporal correlation at short lag scales, but the effective range of temporal correlation was weakly identified and sensitive to prior assumptions. Hydrologic covariates had limited explanatory support once temporal structure was accounted for. Simulations showed that treating sequential samples collected over 15–60 min windows as simultaneous temporal replicates can bias estimates of sampling and temporal variation, especially when temporal correlation is relatively weak. MCE filters produced higher expected recovered copy numbers than PES filters, while evidence for systematic differences among sampler types was weaker. These results emphasize that eDNA temporal replication should be collected as close together in time as possible, and that uncertainty in temporal correlation should be explicitly considered when designing and analyzing high-frequency eDNA surveys.

New York↗
USGS2026

The effect of temperature, flow, density and disease on smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu) early life growth rate

Individual growth rates of fish are influenced by gradually changing environmental conditions and rapid-onset events. However, there is a paucity of information on drivers of spatiotemporal variability in growth rates of fishes across large spatial extents. Using a 36-year dataset of smallmouth bass ( Micropterus dolomieu ) length-at-age data across 10 river reaches in Pennsylvania, USA ( n = 54,068 individuals), we estimated annual early life growth rates (mm year −1 ) and assessed the effects of relative abundance, summer temperature, summer streamflow rate and a disease outbreak on growth rate. We found that temperature had a positive effect on growth rate, varied spatially, and had a stronger effect in diseased reaches. There was also evidence for an impact of disease on early life growth through density-dependent mechanisms, with growth rates increasing from ∼85 to 101 mm·year −1 following disease-related decreases in abundance. This study adds to our understanding of the factors that shape early life growth, including rapid-onset events like disease which can have immediate and lasting effects on growth rate trajectory.

Pennsylvania↗
USGS2026

Amploc: A complete Python workflow for amplitude-based locations

Amplitude‐based locations are well suited for characterizing long‐duration seismic sources that may migrate with time, such as debris flows, avalanches, rockfall, and volcanic tremor. Although amplitude‐based location methods have existed for decades, their adoption in real‐time monitoring systems remains limited. We present a complete Python‐based workflow that includes station corrections, amplitude‐based location algorithms, and interactive review tools that are appropriate for real‐time use. The algorithms themselves are not new; however, Amploc integrates several previously published methods into a unified operational framework. The workflow also introduces a browser‐based graphical interface that allows users to review real‐time location results using formats familiar to many observatories. By integrating calibration, location algorithms, and visualization tools, Amploc lowers the barrier to operational use of amplitude‐based locations and improves characterization of phenomena that inform hazard assessments such as long‐period earthquakes, volcanic tremor, and debris flows.

British Columbia, Oregon, Washington↗
USGS2026

Divisions of geologic time—Major chronostratigraphic and geochronologic units

Introduction The reports and maps of our Nation’s geological surveys inform and benefit the public, private industry, government officials, and scientists. The use of clear and consistent nomenclature and classifications can improve communication of data and interpretations. Since 1899, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Geologic Names Committee (GNC) has been responsible for defining standards that promote uniform geologic nomenclature and classifications among geoscientists. The GNC periodically publishes a geologic time scale, the “Divisions of Geologic Time,” that serves as the national standard for USGS publications (for example, refer to Orndorff and others, 2023). Authors may use other published geologic time scales, such as those of the Geological Society of America (GSA) or the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS), provided that they are clearly specified and referenced. Access to the USGS, GSA, and ICS geologic time scales is also available from the U.S. Geologic Names Lexicon (Geolex) website https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Geolex/stratres/timescales. The geologic time scale serves a dual purpose by enabling authors to distinguish earth material units by position (chronostratigraphic) and time (geochronologic), as outlined in order of decreasing rank.

Fact Sheet↗
USGS2026

Capitalization of positional (Lower/Middle/Upper) and temporal (Early/Middle/Late) adjectives in the names of formal chronostratigraphic and geochronologic units of the Phanerozoic

Many authors are understandably confused about the capitalization of the words “lower,” “middle,” “upper,” “early,” and “late.” Where these words are used simply as descriptive adjectives, they should be in lowercase; where they form the first word of a formal chronostratigraphic or geochronologic unit name, they should be in uppercase.

Professional Paper↗
USGS2026

Distributed volcanic fields—Patterns, products, processes, and plumbing

Distributed volcanic fields—also referred to as “monogenetic fields” or simply “volcanic fields”—are found on every continent, on the seafloors, and in every tectonic setting on Earth. Yet, our understanding of what constitutes a distributed volcanic field, and our knowledge of the common products, spatiotemporal patterns in activity, and plumbing systems of these fields, are commonly poor and (or) debated. Here we provide an overview of the current understanding of distributed volcanic fields (DVFs) through review and compilation of published data, with an emphasis on understanding the characteristics of fields that are essential to prepare for future hazardous volcanic activity. Distributed fields can erupt restricted to variable magma compositions. Activity in these fields produces nearly all types of volcanoes, including scoria and spatter cones, maars, low shields, lava fields, stratovolcanoes, and calderas, but monogenetic volcanoes are the defining characteristic of DVFs. The number of vents and lifespans of DVFs vary greatly; vent numbers range from 2 to greater than 1,000, and fields can remain active for 150,000 to 10 million years. Some characteristics of DVFs appear field dependent. Although the volumes of single monogenetic eruptions within DVFs globally are variable (from less than 0.1 to a few cubic kilometers), each field may have a characteristic range in eruption volumes. Eruptions within distributed volcanic fields can have a random distribution and timing, but spatial and (or) temporal vent clustering and alignment are common, and eruptions may be time or volume predictable. Average eruption recurrence intervals in DVFs span over an order of magnitude, from less than 3 to greater than 100 thousand years. Exposures of the shallow portions of older systems reveal that many magma batches end their ascent before reaching the surface, with some dikes stopping within only meters of the surface. Petrologic insights into the deeper plumbing systems of DVF volcanoes indicate variable depths of magma crystallization and (or) stalling, and that magma transport and storage systems may be unique to a particular DVF and its underlying crustal structure. Both seismic and petrologic data for mafic DVF eruptions corroborate intrusions of magma into storage systems in the months to years before eruption, as well as variable ascent rates through the crust (days to weeks). Few distributed fields are closely monitored, as they erupt infrequently, but these observations imply that the amount of time available to install monitoring instrumentation after the first felt seismicity may be short, as precursory activity is frequently on the order of days to months for modern DVF eruptions. Satellite-based geodesy may provide useful warning in such cases. This chapter concludes with outstanding questions and areas for future research that will aid in our understanding and preparedness for future DVF eruptions.

Professional Paper↗