Effects of ammonia on freshwater mussels in the St. Croix River

Teresa J. Newton

doi:10.3133/fs20043046

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Effects of ammonia on freshwater mussels in the St. Croix River

Teresa J. Newton

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Abstract

The St. Croix River contains a diverse and abundant group of freshwater mussels. The St. Croix is one of the few rivers in the Midwest not substantially affected by the invasion of the exotic zebra mussel, which encrusts and kills native freshwater mussels. Increased concentrations of ammonia in river sediments, however, poses a significant threat to mussels.

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Source-reported bounding extent: 44.50042343601631° to 46.36209301204985° latitude; -92.9608154296875° to -91.329345703125° longitude. This indicates report coverage, not an exact sampling location. View area on OpenStreetMap.

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Teresa J. Newton. 2004. Effects of ammonia on freshwater mussels in the St. Croix River. https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20043046

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