Delayed submarine caldera subsidence creates extreme tsunami hazard

Shane J. Cronin; Bastian Steinke; Jose C. Borrero; Emile A. Okal; Marta Ribó; Jie Wu; James D.L. White; Marco Brenna; Joali Paredes-Mariño; Mila Huebsch; Rachel Baxter; Ulrich Speidel; Alexa R. Van Eaton; Larry G. Mastin; Michael A. Clare; Isobel A. Yeo; James E. Hunt; Jacob Nash; James B. Garvin; Rennie Vaiomounga; Taaniela Kula; Sung-Hyun Park

doi:10.1126/sciadv.aed4934

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Delayed submarine caldera subsidence creates extreme tsunami hazard

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Abstract

The 2022 Hunga volcano eruption generated one of the largest and most destructive volcanic tsunamis ever recorded. We interpret the timing, nature and relative hazard of volcanic-tsunamigenic processes by combining geophysical, oceanographic, atmospheric, and eye-witness observations of this event. Hydro-acoustic signal ( T waves) detected on seismic stations up to 2600 km away provided a key to discerning tsunami triggers from explosions, volcanic mass flows, and caldera subsidence. The largest tsunami was generated by the first of at least two sudden caldera-subsidence events. This occurred 1 hour after globally detected explosions that produced smaller tsunami. Our results provide rare insights into the rates of caldera subsidence and highlight the complex multiple sources of tsunamis resulting from eruptions of oceanic volcanoes.

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Shane J. Cronin, Bastian Steinke, Jose C. Borrero, Emile A. Okal, Marta Ribó, Jie Wu, James D.L. White, Marco Brenna, Joali Paredes-Mariño, Mila Huebsch, Rachel Baxter, Ulrich Speidel, Alexa R. Van Eaton, Larry G. Mastin, Michael A. Clare, Isobel A. Yeo, James E. Hunt, Jacob Nash, James B. Garvin, Rennie Vaiomounga, Taaniela Kula, Sung-Hyun Park. 2026. Delayed submarine caldera subsidence creates extreme tsunami hazard. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aed4934

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