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W. F. Krise

Publications and source records attributed to W. F. Krise.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
USGS2006

Tolerance of lake trout, Salvelinus namaycush (Walbaum), sac fry to dissolved gas supersaturation

The tolerance of sac fry of lake trout, Salvelinus namaycush (Walbaum), to the acute effects of gas supersaturation, from hatching to swim-up, was tested using six gas levels, ranging from ΔP 8 to 148. Although many fish were moribund by the time the yolk was nearly absorbed, mortality during the 40-day study was negligible; survival to swim-up was 96–99%, including 99% survival at ΔP 148. Of fish examined at ΔP 42, 40% showed bubble formation around the rim of the eye. Signs of trauma were greatest at ΔP 119 and 148, and included intestinal bubbles, a distended abdomen, and bubbles around the eye, in the mouth and in jaw tissues.

Journal of Fish Diseases↗
USGS2005

Haematological and physiological responses of brook charr, to untreated and limestone-neutralized acid mine drainage

Brook charr, Salvelinus fontinalis , exhibited depressed plasma sodium and elevated plasma glucose concentrations in untreated acid mine drainage effluent (AMD), at two dilutions. Plasma sodium and glucose concentrations remained stable in treated AMD, pulsed, fluidized beds of limestone and carbon-dioxide pre-treatment of influent, and in AMD-free water. Results indicate that effluents produced by this treatment system were not toxic to these fish, despite still containing moderate concentrations of manganese (3–4 mg l -1 following dilution in exposure systems), and provide justification for field deployment and further biological testing of this treatment in the field.

Journal of Fish Biology↗
USGS2001

Effects of dissolved carbon dioxide on the physiology and behavior of fish artificial streams

A new technology for treating waters contaminated with acid mine drainage involves the dissolution of limestone particles using carbon dioxide at pressures above ambient. Because of the fish health risks associated with episodes of high carbon dioxide levels in treated waters, we subjected three species of fish, brook trout ( Salvelinus fontinalis ), slimy sculpin ( Cottus cognatus ), and blacknose dace ( Rhinichthys atratulus ), to 24 h exposures of elevated dissolved carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) at three levels, ranging from 1.0 (low) to 6.3 (high)%, under laboratory conditions. We measured blood physiological variables as well as behavior, including feeding responses, before, during, and after exposure. Physiological responses differed by species, but all species had elevated hematocrits after 1 h of exposure. Brook trout hematocrits were higher at medium and high levels of CO 2 than in a control group (0.0% CO 2 ) after 24 h of exposure. Slimy sculpin hematocrits were higher in medium- and high-level exposure groups than in controls after 1 h, but not after 24 h, of exposure. Blacknose dace hematocrits were higher in all three exposure groups than in controls after 1 h but only in medium-level exposure groups after 24 h. Brook trout plasma glucose was significantly higher in medium- and high-level exposure groups after 1 h, and in the high-level group after 24 h, than in controls. Slimy sculpin plasma glucose was not significantly different in elevated CO 2 exposure groups from that of controls throughout exposure. Branchial ventilation was significantly greater in all species at elevated CO 2 during exposure, indicating stress; however, no difference was observed between treatment and control groups of blacknose dace after 24 h, indicating acclimation. Pectoral fin beats and cough rates were not consistently related to CO 2 exposure throughout the study. Brook trout had the longest lasting reaction to stress at lower levels of CO 2 among the three species tested. Many of the 11 observed behavioral variables, related to swimming, feeding, social, and illness factors, were affected by elevations of dissolved CO 2 . Two to seven behavioral variables (18–64% of those measured) were affected by treatment level of dissolved CO 2 with a trend by species for the number of variables affected: brook trout>blacknose dace>slimy sculpin. However, behavioral sensitivity to treatment level was greatest in blacknose dace. Recovery to pre-treatment activity rates for most behavior patterns (including feeding) was observed 24 h after cessation of exposure in all three species. Recovery was independent of treatment level, was most rapid in blacknose dace, and was slowest in brook trout. Overall, slimy sculpin was least affected behaviorally by elevated CO 2 . Although all three species showed stress response and changes in behavior at moderate levels of CO 2 (≥2%), brook trout and blacknose dace showed evidence of ability to avoid harmful CO 2 levels by swimming out of affected waters, whereas the slimy sculpin showed minimal behavioral changes despite remaining in place during exposure. Thus, predation risk and other sources of mortality seem minimal in the event of technological malfunction at a stream treatment site involving the use of CO 2 under pressure.

Environmental Toxicology↗
USGS2001

The use of outdoor freshwater pond microcosms. III. Responses of phytoplankton and periphyton to pyridaben

An outdoor freshwater microcosm study was conducted in which pyridaben, an insecticide-miticide, was directly applied to water to determine its biological effects on phytoplankton and periphyton. Twenty-four microcosms (24 m3 each) were monitored for 11 months, then four treatments of pyridaben were applied two times at three concentrations (0.34, 34.0 ??g/L), including an untreated control. The succession of algal groups observed and the major genera found in microcosms during the baseline phase of the study were typical of oligo-mesotrophic systems in Florida. Following application of pyridaben, the most remarkable effect was a positive correlation of phytoplankton abundance with pyridaben concentrations in water; indicating increased abundance as a result of exposure. Both Chlorophyta and Pyrrophyta exhibited a significant increase (p=0.05) in population abundance at 3.4 and 34.0 ??g/L pyridaben. Chrysophyta also elicited a trend of increased abundance at 34.0 ??g/L, although the effect was not significant. The effects on phytoplankton populations were associated with the decline of zooplankton populations as a result of a direct effect of pyridaben exposure. There were no effects of pyridaben on periphyton communities or on functional endpoints. ?? 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Environmental Toxicology↗
USGS2001

Sensitivity of Atlantic salmon eggs to mechanical shock during the first six hours after fertilization

Eggs from six domestic adult Atlantic salmon Salmo salar and six sea-run kelts (wild adults held over for a second spawning season) were tested at 0.5 to 6 h after fertilization for sensitivity to mechanical shock produced by dropping eggs from measured heights. Estimates of drop height and force causing 10% (lethal tolerance, LT90) and 25% (LT75) mortality were used to project egg sensitivity to handling while collecting, disinfecting, and transporting eggs to incubation facilities. Differences in LT90 and LT75 drop height or force were not significant among sample times up to 6 h postfertilization. The LT90 estimates of drop heights and force were 23.5–26.9 cm and 5,200–6,000 ergs for domestic eggs and 17.5–38.5 cm or 3,500–7,700 ergs for kelt eggs. The LT75 estimates of drop height and force were 46.1–60.3 cm and 10,200–13,400 ergs for domestic stock eggs and 43.7–65.1 cm and 8,800–13,100 ergs for kelt eggs. Variability in egg shock sensitivity among individual females was high and similar to differences in 24-h mortality observed in eggs transported for incubation. Our results show that a single dropping of eggs from a height of 17.5–38.5 cm could cause 10% egg mortality before eggs are incubated.

Massachusetts↗
USGS1998

Sperm-cell ultrastructure of North American sturgeons I: The Atlantic sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrhynchus)

Atlantic sturgeon ( Acipenser oxyrhynchus ) and lake sturgeon ( Acipenser fulvescens ) sperm-cell morphologies were examined using scanning electron microscopy. Major differences were found in four of nine metrics, all in the head region of the cell. Atlantic sturgeon sperm cells were much shorter than those of lake sturgeon. Anterior head width exceeded posterior head width, in contrast to the arrangement in lake sturgeon sperm cells. Lake sturgeon sperm cells are nearer in size to those of other sturgeons than are Atlantic sturgeon sperm cells. Comparisons were made with sperm-cell structures known from other sturgeon species, including the Russian sturgeon ( Acipenser gueldenstaedti colchicus ), stellate sturgeon ( Acipenser stellatus ), Chinese sturgeon ( Acipenser sinensis ), and white sturgeon ( Acipenser transmontanus ). Variation in cell morphology may indicate evolutionary relationships. In addition, the fine structure of Atlantic sturgeon sperm cells was examined using transmission electron microscopy and selected metrics are described. The cell possesses a distinct acrosome, a midpiece, and a single flagellum. A comparison is made with ultrastructural details of the sperm cells of stellate and white sturgeons. Similarities among these species include radial symmetry about the longitudinal axis, an elongate shape, a distinct acrosome, and the presence of endonuclear canals. Noteworthy differences include a smaller total length and width than stellate and white sturgeon sperm cells. The main sperm-cell body is approximately 4 µm long and the flagellum about 37 µm long, resulting in a total cell length of about 41 µm. Also, the Atlantic sturgeon sperm cell possesses only two membraned endonuclear canals, in contrast to the arrangement in white and stellate sturgeons, where three such organelles are found. A structural connection of unknown function between the nuclear fossa and proximal centriole is also present in the Atlantic sturgeon sperm cell. Sperm-cell nuclei of white and stellate sturgeons are elongate trapezoids, with the anterior end narrower, whereas in Atlantic sturgeon the anterior portion of the trapezoid is wider than the posterior. Structural similarities between species may indicate a commonality of ancestral and evolutionary relationships that may have taxonomic implications. Ultrastructure suggests a closer evolutionary relationship between the white and stellate sturgeon than between either of these species and the Atlantic sturgeon. The present findings may be used by biologists studying the reproductive physiology, forensics, taxonomy, and genetics of sturgeons.

Canadian Journal of Zoology↗
USGS1998

Growth and survival of lake sturgeon larvae fed formulated diets

We conducted a 60‐d experiment to ascertain diet‐related differences in survival and growth of larval lake sturgeon Acipenser fulvescens. We offered formulated diets to larval lake sturgeon 2 weeks after first‐feeding to find a suitable formulated diet. The five formulated diets were fed to larvae in combination with live brine shrimp Artemia sp., which served as a control. There was no diet effect ( P ≤ 0.05) on mean survival, which ranged from 67.4% to 58.3%. Lake sturgeon fed only brine shrimp were significantly greater in mean length (60.4 mm) at 68 d of age than all other treatments, and BioKyowa produced the lowest (44.2 mm) mean length. Mean weight of fish provided brine shrimp (0.74 g) was significantly greater than the weights of those fed the Tunison, Biodiet, or BioKyowa diets. There was no indication that larval lake sturgeon had consumed the formulated feeds; rather, it is likely they may have become imprinted on brine shrimp during the 2 weeks immediately following the onset of exogenous feeding.

Progressive Fish-Culturist↗
USGS1995

Influence of tank design and hydraulic loading on the behavior, growth, and metabolism of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Subadult rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) stocked at 48 kg/m 3 (3 lb/ft 3 ) were subjected to treatments of tank design (rectangular plug flow, circular, and cylindrical cross flow) and water exchange rate (1·5 and 2·5 exchanges/h) to determine their effects on fish behavior, growth, and metabolism. Ambient light levels and current velocities were also measured in each of three tank sectors (upstream, middle, and downstream) to determine their relative contributions to behavioral effects. Tank design significantly affected fish orientation to current, contact time with tank surfaces, and frequency of agonistic encounters, though aggression levels were relatively low overall. Gradients in fish distribution by sector were greatest in plug-flow tanks. Effects were either modified or eliminated by increasing the water exchange rate from 1·5 to 2·5/h. Multiple-regression analysis showed the following hieararchy of independent-variable effects on fish distribution: tank type > exchange rate > aggression level > current velocity > light level. Significant effects of tank design were also observed on fish growth in terms of biomass gain (cross flow > plug flow > circular). These results were matched in metabolic studies, where both oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion were highest in circular and lowest in cross-flow tanks. Reduction (cross-flow compared with circular tanks) in oxygen consumption averaged 13·6%, ammonia excretion 17·5%. These results were also modified by an increase in water exchange rate. Tank-design effects on fish metabolism and growth may be mediated, at least partly, through changes in fish behavior.

Aquacultural Engineering↗
USGS1994

Short-term cold storage of Atlantic sturgeon sperm

Short‐term cold storage of fish sperm with oxygen, an established fisheries technique, was successfully used to preserve milt from Atlantic sturgeon ( Acipenser oxyrhynchus oxyrhynchus ). All milt samples stored for 5 d on ice and replenished daily with oxygen retained at least 80% motility and at least 99% viability. One sample exhibited 40% motility after 17 d. For management personnel involved in restoration of this rare fish, this technique offers an alternative to dependence on the simultaneous capture of ripe males and females from severely depleted stocks. It may also be used during transport prior to fertilization or cryopreservation.

Progressive Fish-Culturist↗
USGS1994

Evaluation of the effects of an oxygen injection system on the growth, hematology, and immunity of lake trout

Fingerling lake trout ( Salvelinus namaycush ) were reared for 64 d at three pressures of dissolved gases, expressed in relation to saturation values (▵P)–untreated (control) water, ▵P = 10 mm Hg; water treated by column degassing with air, ▵P = 9 mm Hg; and water treated with an oxygen injection system, ▵P = −20 mm Hg. Dissolved oxygen concentration for experimental groups was increased with column degassing by 7.8% and with oxygen injection by 8.7%. Nitrogen level was reduced 2.2% with columns receiving air and 7.4% with the oxygen injection system. There were no differences in production, mean lengths, or mean weights among fish reared in the three treatments. Hematocrit, plasma protein levels, and mean antibody microtiters to injected Salmonella H antigen were not different among fish from the three water treatments.

Progressive Fish-Culturist↗
USGS1993

Effects of one-year exposures to gas supersaturation on lake trout

Lake trout ( Salvelinus namaycush ) were reared for 1 year in water with one of six levels of incoming differential gas pressure (▵P): 4, 17, 33, 43, 58, or 75 mm Hg. Growth and survival of fish were evaluated as measures of response to the potential long‐term stress of elevated dissolved gases in rearing water. Mortality rates were not different among fish held in supersaturated water up to ▵P 58 (108% of total gas saturation), but mortality at ▵P 75 (110% saturation) was significantly higher after day 28. From days 21 to 35, the number of nonfeeding, moribund fish increased with increasing gas level. By day 56, the length and weight of fish were significantly greater at ▵P 4 than at higher gas levels. Growth rate reductions were evident for lake trout in ▵P 17 and above for more than 252 d. Feed conversion efficiency was significantly better in fish held at ▵Ps 4 and 17 than at higher pressures. Lake trout grew fastest and most efficiently at ▵P 4 for 252 d, but ▵P 58 was also a safe rearing level in terms of mortality. There were no signs of gas bubble formation in fish held at or below ▵P 58 and only 3% of the fish at ▵P 75 exhibited emphysemas after 269 d of exposure. For optimum growth of juvenile lake trout, total dissolved gas levels should be less than ▵P 17, probably near ▵P 0.

Progressive Fish-Culturist↗
USGS1993

Eye abnormalities of lake trout exposed to gas supersaturation

Lake trout ( Salvelinus namaycush ) reared for 1 year at six levels of differential (excess) gas pressure (▵P 4, 17, 33, 43, 58, and 75 mm Hg above equilibrium) were examined for incidences of eye abnormalities including nuclear cataracts, hemorrhages, corneal swelling, cloudiness, rupture, and loss of eyes. Frequencies of nuclear cataracts, eye hemorrhages, cloudy corneas, and bilateral anomalies were not directly related to increasing dissolved gas pressures. However, incidences of corneal swelling and of all abnormalities combined increased with gas supersaturation above ▵P 4.

Progressive Fish-Culturist↗