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11 recordsLinked to original sources
USGS2004

Consequences of forest clear-cuts for native and nonindigenous ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Currently, the southern United States produces more timber than any other region in the world. Entire timber stands are removed through a harvesting method called clear-cutting. This common forestry practice may lead to the replacement of native ant communities with invasive, nonindigenous species. In four deciduous forest sites in South Carolina, we monitored the change in ant species richness, diversity, and abundance immediately after forest clearing for a period of 15 mo to 2 yr and determined the incidence of colonization of the red imported fire ant Solenopsis invicta into these four newly disturbed sites. Each site consisted of an uncut, forested plot and a logged, pine-planted plot. Fire ants were collected in clear-cuts as early as 3 mo postcutting, and by the end of the experiment, they were found in all four treatment sites. Our study is the first to document, through a controlled experiment, that clear-cutting alters ant species assemblages by increasing S. invicta and Pheidole spp. populations and significantly reducing native ant numbers. Long-term studies are needed to assess how replacing native deciduous forests with pine monocultures affects ant assemblages. ?? 2004 Entomological Society of America.

Annals of the Entomological Society of America↗
USGS1950

The genus Acroricnums in America (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae)

This paper is a revision of the known species of A croricnus of America. Of the five previously described species assigned to this genus from this area, four are reduced to subspecific rank under the European genotype, A croricnus stylator (Thunberg). Three subspecies and one species are described as new, and typical stylator is recorded from America for the first time.

Annals of the Entomological Society of America↗
USGS1968

Use of fabrics in streams to collect black fly larvae

A technique is described for using strips of gauze to collect large numbers of larvae of Cnephia dacotensis (Dyar & Shannon), Simulium decorum (Walker), S. venustuni Say, S. vcrecundum Stone & Jamnback, and S. vittatum Zetterstedt from various water habitats.

Annals of the Entomological Society of America↗
USGS1968

Collecting and rearing black flies

This paper, based on a study carried out at the Seney National Wildlife Refuge, Seney, Michigan, and the Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, Maryland, describes methods and techniques for collecting, storing, and rearing 8 species of Simuliidae. Included in the study were Cnephia dacotensis (Dyar & Shannon), C. mutata (Malloch), Prosimulium fuscum Syme & Davies, Simulium aureum Fries, S. decorum (Walker), S. venustum Say, S. verecundum Stone & Jamnback, and S. vittattum Zetterstedt. Simuliid eggs collected from a variety of habitats, packed with wet materials in plastic bags and held at 4°C, have remained viable, thus far, up to 424 days. Eggs held at 0° to −70°C failed to hatch when placed in rearing aquariums. Air-dried eggs held at 4°C for 339–535 days failed to hatch after being held in aquariums for 166 days. Immature stages of black flies were successfully reared in 1¼-gallon Pyrex jars and 15-gallon plexiglas aquariums in which the water was agitated by compressed air and aquarium pumps. Water velocities of 0.250–0.542 feet per second were obtained in streams of air bubbles created by use of air stones. Of 21 larval diets used, one consisting of Purina Dog Chow (60-mesh or finer), brain-heart infusion broth, and brewer's yeast powder, and a second consisting of Wayne's dog chow (60-mesh or finer) and brain-heart infusion broth without brewer's yeast powder, were most satisfactory. Larvae were fed 1 gram of diet per 1¼- gallon aquarium and 2 grams per 15-gallon aquarium biweekly. In most of the 225 cultures of S. aureum, S. decorum, S. verecundum, S. venustum, and S. Vittatum it took from 1 to 5 days for the development of eggs to larvae (165 cultures, 73%) and the same number of days for the development of pupae to adults (172 cultures, 76%). Development time for larvae to pupae was fairly closely divided between 11–15 days (63 cultures, 28%) and 16–20 days (53 cultures, 23.6%). The entire period for development from egg to adult after placement of eggs in rearing aquariums was from 21 to 25 days for 26.7% of the cultures.

Annals of the Entomological Society of America↗
USGS1970

Two species of Simuliidae (Diptera), Cnephia ornithophilia and Prosimulium vernale, from Maryland

The finding of Cnephia ornithophilia Davies, Peterson, & Wood and Prosimulium vernale Shewell for the first time at the Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, Maryland, is described. Larvae of C. ornithophilia were collected Nov. 15, pupae Feb. 14, and adult flies Feb. 28. No immature or adult specimens were found between Apr. 2 and Nov. 14. The greatest number of immature stages was found in a 3- to 5-foot-wide stream several hundred feet long, 1-8 inches deep, with a stream flow between 0.49 and 3.30 feet per second. The water temperature varied from 0.5° to 4.0°C, the oxygen content was 10-13 ppm; and the p H varied from 6.9 to 7.4. Larvae of P. vernale were collected Nov. 30 through March, pupae from February through Apr. 1, and adult flies from Feb. 26 through Apr. 1. No immature or adult specimens were found between Apr. 2 and Nov. 29. The largest number of immature stages of P. vernale was found in a 6- to 16-foot-wide stream, 100 feet long, and 1.2 inches deep. The stream flow was between 0.92 and 1.36 feet per second. The water temperature was 0.5°C; p H was 6.7; and oxygen content was 7 ppm.

Maryland↗
USGS1970

Mass movement of black fly larvae on silken threads (Diptera: Simuliidae)

Stoppage of waterflow in a stream resulted in the migration of massive numbers of black fly larvae on silken threads. Larvae were found on single silken threads, but the heaviest concentrations were on “cables” composed of 25-50 individual silken threads. The larvae were attached in concentric rings around the silken threads and cables.

Annals of the Entomological Society of America↗
USGS1971

Equipment for transporting live black fly larvae (Diptera: Simuliiae)

In studies relating to the biology and ecology of black flies, live larvae of at least 70 species of Simuliidae have been collected from their natural breeding sites and transported in containers with nonagitated water for short distances to the laboratory. One of us (Tarshis 1966) found, however, that even small numbers of simuliid larvae cannot survive in containers with nonagitated water for more than 6 hr. Additionally, when massive numbers of larvae are introduced into transport containers in which the water is not agitated, the larvae perish because they become entangled within the masses of silken threads they emit whenever disturbed (Tarshis and Neil 1970). Therefore, when transporting larvae long distances or when transporting large numbers of larvae any distance, it is essential to agitate the water in the transport containers.

Annals of the Entomological Society of America↗
USGS1972

The feeding of some ornithophilic black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) in the laboratory and their role in the transmission of Leucocytozoon simondi

Techniques and equipment are described for feeding, in the laboratory, Cnephia invenusta (Walker), Simulium innocens Shewell, and S. rugglesi Nicholson & Mickel collected from exposed birds at the Seney National Wildlife Refuge, Seney, Michigan, and C. ornithophilia Davies, Peterson, & Wood, S. euryadminiculum Davies, and S. rugglesi reared from larvae at the Seney Refuge ( S. rugglesi ) and the Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, Maryland. In 4 feeding experiments with C. invenusta on Pekin ducklings, 109 fed of 194 flies exposed; in 2 experiments with S. innocens on a mallard duckling and an Emden gosling, 35 fed of 65 flies exposed; in 12 experiments with S. rugglesi on mallard ducklings and Canada goose goslings, 465 fed of 1215 flies exposed; in 40 experiments with C. ornithophilia on Khaki Campbell, mallard, and Pekin ducklings and yearling Canada and Emden goslings, 950 fed of 1713 flies exposed; and, in 2 experiments with S. euryadminiculum on Pekin ducklings, 27 fed of 46 flies exposed. Feeding time varied from 2.10 to 15 minutes. C. ornithophilia, S. innocens , and S. rugglesi fed on Khaki Campbell, mallard, and Pekin ducklings and yearling Canada geese infected with Leucocytozoon simondi Mathis & Leger were held 4-7 days after the blood meal. The flies were triturated in physiological saline and deactivated calf serum and inoculated intravenously and intraperitoneally in parasite-free Pekin, Khaki Campbell, and mallard ducklings and Canada goose goslings. Birds became infected with L. simondi 9-14 days after being inoculated with C. ornithophilia ; 4-7 days after being inoculated with S. innocens ; and 9 days after being inoculated with S. rugglesi . Starved, laboratory-fed C. ornithophilia fed first on L. simondi infected Khaki Campbell and Pekin ducklings, held 4-7 days at room temperature, then fed for the 2nd time on parasite-free Pekin ducklings, transmitted the infection by their bite. The birds showed young parasites in the peripheral blood 10 and 11 days following the 2nd feeding.

Annals of the Entomological Society of America↗
USGS2020

Short-term forecasts of insect phenology inform pest management

Insect pests cost billions of dollars per year globally, negatively impacting food crops and infrastructure, and contributing to the spread of disease. Timely information regarding developmental stages of pests can facilitate early detection and control, increasing efficiency and effectiveness. In 2018, the U.S. National Phenology Network (USA-NPN) released a suite of ‘Pheno Forecast’ map products relevant to science and management. The Pheno Forecasts include real-time maps and short-term forecasts of insect pest activity at management-relevant spatial and temporal resolutions and are based on accumulated temperature thresholds associated with critical life-cycle stages of economically important pests. Pheno Forecasts indicate, for a specified day, the status of the insect’s target life-cycle stage in real time across the contiguous United States. The maps are available for 12 pest species including the invasive emerald ash borer ( Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire [Coleoptera: Buprestidae]), hemlock woolly adelgid ( Adelges tsugae Annand), and gypsy moth ( Lymantria dispar Linnaeus [Lepidoptera: Erebidae]). Preliminary validation based on in-situ observations for hemlock woolly adelgid egg and nymph stages in 2018 indicated the maps to be ≥93% accurate depending on phenophase. Since their release in early 2018, these maps have been adopted by tree care specialists and foresters across the United States. Using a consultative mode of engagement, USA-NPN staff have continuously sought input and critique of the maps and delivery from end users. Based on feedback received, maps have been expanded and modified to include additional species, improved descriptions of the phenophase event of interest, and e-mail-based notifications to support management decisions.

Annals of the Entomological Society of America↗
USGS2002

The horse and deer flies (Diptera: Tabanidae) of Rhode Island

The Tabanidae of Rhode Island were surveyed using Rhode Island canopy traps placed at 20 locations in the state during the summers of 1999 and 2000. In total, 5,120 flies were collected, which included 55 species in the genera Chrysops, Hybomitra, Tabanus, Merycomyia, and Stonemyia. Distributional and ecological information is provided for each species in Rhode Island.

Annals of the Entomological Society of America↗