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At least 1,765 records · Page 98Linked to original sources
USGS1989

Sedimentological effects of strong southward flow in the Straits of Florida

Periodic southerly currents along the western side of the Straits of Florida are sufficiently strong to erode the seafloor and create large sand waves and coral mounds up to several meters high. Mapping with side-looking sonar and visual observations from the Nuclear Research Submarine NR-1 show that the sand waves are confined to an area about 2 km wide, but over 70 km long. Southerly currents in excess of 50 cm s-1 were measured during our dives, and the size of the bedforms and grain size of sediments suggests currents could attain velocities of 100 cm s-1. The eastern boundary of the sand waves terminates abruptly with an erosional cliff or a series of erosional steps, grades to a zone of nondeposition and then to an area of sediment accumulation. In the central Straits are regions of ripples, megaripples and small coral mounds that indicate persistent flow to the north. Chemical as well as current erosion appears to be altering the seafloor on the southern side of the Northwest Providence Channel, which feeds into the Straits of Florida. Relict lithoherms are abundant in this channel, but they are much smaller than those observed further north in the Straits of Florida. Bedforms and current measurements show a strong northwest flow in the channel along the south wall. ?? 1989.

Marine Geology↗
USGS1993

A guide to continent-ocean transect E-1: Adirondacks to Georges Bank

The geologic strip-map for Transect E-l cuts a swath from the Thousand Islands region on the New York-Ontario border to the Atlantic Ocean floor off Georges Bank (see Fig. 1). It includes portions of New York, Ontario and of all of the New England states. The western part, mainly in New York, belongs to the North American craton. The remainder of the onland portion, east of Logan's Line, belongs to the Appalachian Orogen. Southeastward from Logan's Line the transect crosses a series of distinctive terranes. Several of these terranes are believed to be exotic, and to have been accreted to the North American craton during the Paleozoic. Superposed on these are several grabens and half-grabens containing early Mesozoic sediments and mafic volcanics. There are also Mesozoic eruptive complexes of an alkalic nature cutting across the Appalachian Orogen from southern Quebec, across New England, and continuing as a chain of seamounts offshore. Cenozoic rocks are limited to a small, but significant occurrence near Brandon, Vermont (BL on Fig. 2) and a few occurrences in the Cape Cod region and on the adjacent islands in southeastern Massachusetts.

GSA's DNAG Continent-Ocean Transect Series↗
USGS2008

Streamflow and Endangered Species Habitat in the Lower Isleta Reach of the Middle Rio Grande

San Acacia Dam is located in a reach of the Rio Grande that has been designated as critical habitat for two endangered species, the Rio Grande silvery minnow (Hybognathus amarus) and the southwestern willow flycatcher (Empidonax traillii extimus). Under present operations, the Rio Grande upstream from the dam is used to convey irrigation water to the Socorro main canal at San Acacia Dam. In order to increase operational flexibility and improve irrigation delivery efficiency, the 'Bernardo Siphon' has been proposed to intercept up to 150 cubic feet per second from the Lower San Juan Riverside Drain on the east side of the Rio Grande and transport it under the river into a drainage canal on the west side. Irrigation deliveries to the Socorro main canal would be conveyed by way of the drainage canal rather than the Rio Grande. The objective of this study was to provide the Bureau of Reclamation (BOR) and other stakeholders with a tool to evaluate the effects of different operational modes of the Bernardo siphon on habitat for H. amarus and E. t. extimus in this section of river. We used a two-dimensional hydraulic simulation model to simulate hydraulic conditions for a range of discharges at three study sites in the Rio Grande between the proposed siphon location and San Acacia Dam. Suitable habitat characteristics were defined for H. amarus by consensus of a panel of experts and for E. t. extimus on the basis of a study conducted in 2003 by BOR. Habitat suitability maps for each targeted life stage and simulated discharge were constructed using a Geographic Information System (ArcGIS) and the results compiled into tables relating discharge to areas of suitable habitat. A separate analysis was conducted to calculate an index of connectivity among habitat patches at low flows. A hydrologic model was constructed to synthesize flows, by reach, without the siphon, which was used as a baseline for comparison with similarly-synthesized discharges with the siphon under different operating rules. Results from the hydrologic time series were combined with the discharge-habitat relations to develop habitat time series models, statistics, and scoring metrics for comparisons of alternative rules of operation for the Bernardo siphon. Suitable habitat for H. amarus was defined as areas having suitable hydraulic conditions alone and as areas having suitable hydraulics in association with large woody debris. Suitable hydraulic habitat for adults was maximized at discharges between 40 and 80 cubic feet per second, and declined rapidly at discharges larger than 150 cubic feet per second. When large woody debris was included in the definition of suitable habitat, discharges between 40 and 200 cubic feet per second provided maximum suitable habitat for adults. Juvenile hydraulic habitat was maximized at discharges between 20 and 80 cubic feet per second, and hydraulic habitat associated with large woody debris was largest at flows between 40 and 150 cubic feet per second. Nesting habitat area for E. t. extimus increased monotonically at discharges larger than 5 ft3/s, but decreased rapidly below that flow.

Open-File Report↗
USGS2007

Archive of digital CHIRP seismic reflection data collected during USGS cruise 06SCC02 offshore of the Chandeleur Islands, Louisiana, July 2006

In July of 2006, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) conducted a geophysical survey offshore of the Chandeleur Islands, Louisiana, as part of the USGS Barrier Island Coastal Monitoring project (BICM), which is part of a broader study focused on Subsidence and Coastal Change (SCC). This report serves as an archive of unprocessed digital Compressed High Intensity Radar Pulse (CHIRP) seismic reflection data, trackline maps, navigation files, Geographic Information System (GIS) files, Field Activity Collection System (FACS) logs, observer's logbook, and formal Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC) metadata. Gained (a relative increase in signal amplitude has been applied) digital images of the seismic profiles are also provided.

Louisiana↗
USGS2008

Database of the geology and thermal activity of Norris Geyser Basin, Yellowstone National Park

This dataset contains contacts, geologic units and map boundaries from Plate 1 of USGS Professional Paper 1456, 'The Geology and Remarkable Thermal Activity of Norris Geyser Basin, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming.' The features are contained in the Annotation, basins_poly, contours, geology_arc, geology_poly, point_features, and stream_arc feature classes as well as a table of geologic units and their descriptions. This dataset was constructed to produce a digital geologic map as a basis for studying hydrothermal processes in Norris Geyser Basin. The original map does not contain registration tic marks. To create the geodatabase, the original scanned map was georegistered to USGS aerial photographs of the Norris Junction quadrangle collected in 1994. Manmade objects, i.e. roads, parking lots, and the visitor center, along with stream junctions and other hydrographic features, were used for registration.

Data Series↗
USGS2011

Groundwater levels for selected wells in Upper Kittitas County, Washington

Groundwater levels for selected wells in Upper Kittitas County, Washington, are presented on an interactive, web-based map to document the spatial distribution of groundwater levels in the study area measured during spring 2011. Groundwater-level data and well information were collected by the U.S. Geological Survey using standard techniques and are stored in the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Information System, Groundwater Site-Inventory database.

Washington↗
USGS2025

How to model a new invader? US-invaded range models outperform global or combined range models after 100 occurrences

Invasive species are an economic and ecological burden, and efforts to limit their impact are greatly improved with reliable maps based on species distribution models (SDMs). However, the potential distribution of new invaders is difficult to anticipate because they are still spreading with few observations in their invaded habitat. Therefore, an accepted practice in predicting the distribution of invasive species has been to incorporate habitat information from its entire geographic distribution (invaded and native ranges) into SDMs. Yet, this approach, due to niche shifts, niche expansions, and data deficiencies, commonly misrepresents where an invasive species is found in its new range. Here, we use time series records (invasion stages) from 13 invasive plant species in North America to explore the tension between modeling invasive species using global range and invaded range data and to determine if there is a “tipping point” at which one SDM strategy performs better than the other in predicting the ultimate distribution. At the earliest invasion stage, models developed using both invaded range and global occurrences on average performed better and had less variability across species than other model strategies at this stage. However, after as few as 100 observations of an invasive plant had been made, US-invaded range models, on average, outperformed global range models and models that combined occurrences. By building models with global and US-scale predictors, we show that higher performance of invaded range models was in part because of greater data quality at the invaded-range scale. Our work demonstrates that after relatively few observations of an invasive species in its invaded range, it is more accurate to model its potential distribution using only information from the invaded range while disregarding information from other regions. This work develops a robust and comprehensive approach to modeling novel distributions of newly observed invasive species.

North America↗
USGS2024

Satellite interferometry landslide detection and preliminary tsunamigenic plausibility assessment in Prince William Sound, southcentral Alaska

Regional mapping of actively deforming landslides, including measurements of landslide velocity, is integral for hazard assessments in paraglacial environments. These inventories are also critical for describing the potential impacts that the warming effects of climate change have on slope instability in mountainous and cryospheric terrain. The objective of this study is to identify slow-moving landslides in the Prince William Sound region, southcentral Alaska, United States, which has had rapid deglaciation since the mid-1800s, and assess their tsunamigenic plausibility. We use an automated time series persistent scatterer interferometric synthetic aperture radar processing method with 7 years of Sentinel-1 data (2016–22) to identify 43 slow-moving slopes with average velocities ranging from approximately 0.2 to 21 millimeters per year. Landslide presence is confirmed using aerial imagery and previous landslide inventory records. We assess the tsunamigenic plausibility of the landslides using empirically derived estimates of landslide mobility based on modeled landslide volumes. Of the identified landslides, our preliminary analysis suggests that 11 have tsunamigenic potential if they were to fail rapidly and catastrophically. Although our estimate of tsunamigenic plausibility is preliminary and can be refined with additional observations and analyses, it can be used to prioritize ongoing and future hazard assessment, surveillance, and research efforts.

Alaska↗
USGS1952

Stratigraphic sections of the Phosphoria formation measured and sampled in 1951

The first four of a series of reports giving detailed stratigraphic sections and analyses of samples of the Phosphoria formation in the western phosphate field as described and sampled by the U. S. Geological Survey will soon be published as Circulars 208 through 211. Because of the needs of industry for many of these data during the 1951 field season, and owing to unavoidable delays attendant on publication, the tabular data prepared for these four and for two additional circulars, as yet unnumbered, were released on open file without texts or maps last year. These six reports constitute a summary of all the sampling done by the U. S. Geological Survey in the western phosphate field during 1947 and 1948. The analytical returns on the samples collected during 1949, 1950, and 1951 were incomplete at that time. However, in keeping with the objectives outlined above, abstracts of the stratigraphic units and P205 and acid insoluble analyses of the phosphatic parts of the sections measured and sampled during 1949 and 1950 were released on open file as two reports so that early use might be made of the most important economic data collected during this field work. This is a similar report covering the 1951 field season data. The data in these three open file reports are being prepared for publication in circulars like the six reports mentioned above. These reports, as well as others referred to, are placed on open file at the offices of the U. S. Geological Survey in Washington, D. C.; Spokane, Washington; Salt Lake City, Utah; and Montpelier, Idaho (open from May to October), and at the offices of the Idaho Bureau of Mines and Geology, Moscow, Idaho; the Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology, Butte, Montana; the Wyoming Geological Survey, Laramie, Wyoming; and the University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.

Open-File Report↗
USGS2013

Geophysical logging and geologic mapping data in the vicinity of the GMH Electronics Superfund site near Roxboro, North Carolina

Geologic mapping, the collection of borehole geophysical logs and images, and passive diffusion bag sampling were conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey North Carolina Water Science Center in the vicinity of the GMH Electronics Superfund site near Roxboro, North Carolina, during March through October 2011. The study purpose was to assist the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in the development of a conceptual groundwater model for the assessment of current contaminant distribution and future migration of contaminants. Data compilation efforts included geologic mapping of more than 250 features, including rock type and secondary joints, delineation of more than 1,300 subsurface features (primarily fracture orientations) in 15 open borehole wells, and the collection of passive diffusion-bag samples from 42 fracture zones at various depths in the 15 wells.

North Carolina↗
USGS2015

Archive of digital chirp subbottom profile data collected during USGS Cruise 13CCT04 offshore of Petit Bois Island, Mississippi, August 2013

From August 13-23, 2013, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) conducted geophysical surveys to investigate the geologic controls on barrier island framework and long-term sediment transport offshore of Petit Bois Island, Mississippi. This investigation is part of a broader USGS study on Coastal Change and Transport (CCT). These surveys were funded through the Mississippi Coastal Improvements Program (MsCIP) with partial funding provided by the Northern Gulf of Mexico Ecosystem Change and Hazard Susceptibility Project. This report serves as an archive of unprocessed digital chirp subbottom data, trackline maps, navigation files, Geographic Information System (GIS) files, Field Activity Collection System (FACS) logs, and formal Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC) metadata. Gained-showing a relative increase in signal amplitude-digital images of the seismic profiles are provided.

Mississippi↗
USGS2009

TerraLook: A GIS-ready time-series of satellite imagery

The goal of TerraLook is to provide satellite images that anyone can use to see changes in the Earth's surface over time. Landsat and other satellites have been collecting images of the Earth from Space for more than 35 years. TerraLook allows users to create their own collections of georeferenced simulated natural-color JPEG images from Landsat (circa 1975, 1990, 2005) and ASTER (2000 to present) at no charge. The simulated natural colors in TerraLook images are consistently processed so that images from these time periods can be easily compared. TerraLook images are bundled with stands- compliant metadata, a world file, and an outline of each image's ground footprint, enabling their use in Geographic Information Systems and Web mapping applications. Different ArcGIS solutions were developed to use with TerraLook Collections. For ArcGIS and ArcGIS Explorer users, project files are available to permit TerraLook Collections to be easily integrated into GIS projects of educational curricula for visual analysis. A Pythion Script is available to extract vector data, such as country boundaries, protected areas, hydrography, and populated places, from global datasets to create extended TerraLook collections. Users can add local data, included ground photography, to the TerraLook Collections, These localized collections can be easily shared. An ArcGIS Publisher tool is provided with the ArcMap project file for publishing documents for use with the free ArcReader application.

Conference Paper↗
USGS1993

National geophysical data grids; gamma-ray, gravity, magnetic, and topographic data for the conterminous United States

Overview and installation Note: the information on this site was copied from an optical medium publication. Although all data and software published on this CD-ROM have been used by the USGS, no warranty, expressed or implied, is made by the USGS as to the accuracy of the data and related materials and/or the functioning of the software. The act of distribution shall not constitute any such warranty, and no responsibility is assumed by the USGS in the use of this data, software, or related materials. This CD-ROM has been produced in accordance with the ISO 9660 CD- ROM Standard and is therefore capable of being read on any computing platform that has appropriate CD-ROM driver software installed. However, the access software used on the disc currently executes only under DOS on IBM or compatible personal computers. OVERVIEW This CD-ROM contains gridded geophysical data, images generated from the data, software for displaying and analyzing the images, software for processing potential-field (gravity and magnetic) geophysical data, and documentation files that describe the data and software. The gridded data include gamma-ray data (uranium, thorium, and potassium channels), Bouguer gravity data, isostatic residual gravity data, aeromagnetic anomalies, topography, and topography with bathymetry. These data are available in ASCII format under the ASCII directory. This publication contains only data from the conterminous United States. The images on this CD-ROM include graytone and color images of each gridded data set, color shaded-relief images of the potential-field and topographic data, color composite images of the gamma-ray data, and color composite images of potential-field data painted on shaded and edge-enhanced topography. These images are 8-bit data and can be imported for viewing by many different software packages, but the color display tables are only designed for DOS computers and displays. The display and analysis software includes the ability to register images with geographic and geologic overlays, generate three-color composite images for display on a super VGA video system, generate perspective view images, and analyze images in five dimensions. The potential-field software on this CD-ROM can be used to extract subsets of the geophysical data, process them, and display them as images or contour maps. The software can also be used to generate gridded data from point data, generate profiles from grids, and generate geological models from gridded or profile data. This software is written in FORTRAN and, with minor modifications, can be adapted to a variety of computer systems. The documentation files reside under the directory DOSMENU\DOCFILES and are named with a suffix of DOC. This directory also contains a WordPerfect 5.1 file (CDROM.WPS) that contains all of the documentation. This CD-ROM is released in the Digital Data Series of CD-ROM's produced by the U.S. Geological Survey. This new publication series is intended to improve distribution of important earth science information to the public. The disc contains the results of work performed by the U.S. Geological Survey. INSTALLATION If you have not already done so, run the INSTALL program by making the CD-ROM drive the active drive and typing INSTALL followed by pressing the key. Follow the instructions printed on the screen. When the INSTALL program is finished, it will invoke the national geophysics (NATGP) menu program, and you will see a menu of your options. If you have previously run the INSTALL program and you have added C:\ to the PATH statement in your AUTOEXEC.BAT file, run the menu program directly by typing NATGP followed by pressing the key. If C:\ is not in your search path, you will have to type C:\NATGP followed by pressing the key. A menu of your options will appear on the screen.

Data Series↗
USGS2024

Peak streamflow trends in South Dakota and their relation to changes in climate, water years 1921–2020

Peak-flow (flood) frequency analysis is essential to water-resources management applications, including the design of critical infrastructure such as bridges and culverts, and floodplain mapping. Federal guidelines for performing peak-flow flood frequency analyses are presented in a U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods Report known as Bulletin 17C. A basic assumption within Bulletin 17C, which documents the guidelines for determining annual peak streamflow frequency, is that, for basins without major hydrologic alterations (for example, regulation, diversion, and urbanization), statistical properties of the distribution of annual peak streamflows are stationary; that is, the mean, variance, and skew are constant through time. Nonstationarity is a statistical property of a peak-flow series such that the long-term (on the order of decades) distributional properties change one or more times either gradually or abruptly through time. Individual nonstationarities may be attributed to one source such as flow regulation, land-use change, or climate but are often the result of a combination of sources, making detection and attribution of nonstationarities challenging. In response to a growing concern regarding nonstationarity in peak streamflows in the region, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Departments of Transportation of Illinois, Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; the Montana Department of Natural Resources and Conservation; and the North Dakota Department of Water Resources, assessed the potential nonstationarity in peak streamflows in the north-central United States. This chapter characterizes the effects of natural hydroclimatic shifts and potential climate change on annual peak streamflows in the State of South Dakota. Annual peak and daily streamflow as well as model-simulated gridded climatic data were examined for temporal monotonic trends, change points, and other statistical properties indicative of changing climatic and environmental conditions. Changes in annual peak and daily flows were evaluated among 13, 35, and 81 qualifying U.S. Geological Survey streamgages for the 75-, 50-, and 30-year trend periods through water year 2020 (the period from October 1, 2019, to September 30, 2020) in South Dakota, respectively. No qualifying streamgages were in the 100-year trend period in the State. Statistical tests for autocorrelation (independent and identically distributed assumption), monotonic trends, and change points in the median and scale are analyzed to evaluate potential stationarity violations (nonstationarity) for performing at-site peak-flow flood-frequency analysis. The trends are reported using a likelihood approach as an alternative to simply reporting significant trends with an arbitrary p -value cutoff point. A distinct east-west spatial pattern of likely upward and downward monotonic trends and change points, respectively, was detected in 75- and 50-year trend periods, but an inconsistent spatial pattern was detected in the 30-year trend period. Additionally, change points in the median annual peak streamflows were detected in the late 1970s and early 1980s in the western part of the State, but in the east, the change point was more commonly detected in 1992–93. A similar east-west spatial pattern of likely upward and downward trends was detected in the annual peak-flow timing, the day of the year of the annal peak streamflow. In the western part of the State, the annual peak streamflows are arriving earlier, but in the east, the annual peak streamflows are arriving later. A peaks-over-threshold (POT) analysis where, on average, there are two events per year (POT2) and four events per year (POT4) was also used to evaluate changes in the frequency (count) of daily streamflows exceeding the threshold. Similar to detected changes in the annual peak streamflow, an east-west likely upward or downward change corresponding to an increase or decrease, respectively, in the frequency of daily streamflow greater than a POT2 and POT4 threshold was detected. A monthly water-balance model was used to evaluate hydroclimatic variation in annual and seasonal precipitation, snowfall, potential evapotranspiration, and soil moisture storage for all qualifying streamgages in the 75-, 50-, and 30-year trend periods. Detected trends in the annual hydroclimatic metrics for the 75- and 50-year trend periods indicate a spatially consistent statewide increase in precipitation, decrease in snowfall, increase in potential evapotranspiration, and increase in soil moisture storage. Furthermore, detected trends in seasonal precipitation in the 75- and 50-year trend periods highlight a pronounced change in precipitation in winter and later into the summer season, especially in the 50-year trend period in the eastern part of the State. Statewide increases in seasonal soil moisture storage were also detected, highlighting year-round increasing flood magnitudes, particularly in the eastern part of the State. Based on the results of these stationarity tests for the qualifying streamgages in South Dakota among the 75-, 50-, and 30-year trend periods, consistent temporal and spatial patterns of nonstationarity were detected among the 75- and 50-year trend periods. Furthermore, when nonstationarity is detected in daily streamflow, increased streamflow and volume (increasing frequency in POT), as well as potentially bridge scour, may have implications on culvert and highway design in the eastern part of South Dakota. Thus, when performing at-site peak-flow flood-frequency analyses in South Dakota, potential nonstationarities and alternative approaches are important considerations.

South Dakota↗
USGS2009

Hydrographs Showing Ground-Water Level Changes for Selected Wells in the Lower Skagit River Basin, Washington

Hydrographs for selected wells in the Lower Skagit River basin, Washington, are presented in an interactive web-based map to illustrate monthly and seasonal changes in ground-water levels in the study area. Ground-water level data and well information were collected by the U.S. Geological Survey using standard techniques and were stored in the USGS National Water Information System (NWIS), Ground-Water Site-Inventory (GWSI) System.

Data Series↗
USGS2010

Groundwater Levels for Selected Wells in the Chehalis River Basin, Washington

Groundwater levels for selected wells in the Chehalis River basin, Washington, are presented on an interactive web-based map to document the spatial distribution of groundwater levels in the study area during late summer 2009. Groundwater level data and well information were collected by the U.S. Geological Survey using standard techniques. The data are stored in the USGS National Water Information System (NWIS), Ground-Water Site-Inventory (GWSI) System.

Data Series↗
USGS2025

A comprehensive freshwater mussel database for the Duck River Drainage, Tennessee

We have developed a comprehensive database for freshwater mussels for the Duck River drainage in Tennessee, including its largest tributary, the Buffalo River. This database is intended to serve as an expandable template that could be applied statewide. The Duck River is one of the most biologically diverse rivers in the world, with historically over 70 mussel species, and it has been selected as a priority watershed by multiple management and conservation entities. The database for this system compiles over 7,000 mussel records, spanning 200 years, from multiple Federal, State, academic, and private entities, representing 77 native species. The database is spatially explicit and includes temporal and methodological data for each record, and notes of negative survey data were made when possible. The database can facilitate the creation of distribution maps for each species and temporal maps of species richness to show watershed-wide trends. This project addresses the present lack of a centralized mussel database in Tennessee for a critical system. It will be available to facilitate species status assessments, inform conservation planning, and serve as a model for similar databases for other Tennessee watersheds.

Tennessee↗
USGS2020

Gap fill of Land surface temperature and reflectance products in Analysis Ready Data

The recently released Landsat Analysis Ready Data (ARD) over the United States provides the opportunity to investigate landscape dynamics using dense time series observations at 30-m resolution. However, the dataset often contains data gaps (or missing data) because of cloud contamination or data acquisition strategy. We present a new algorithm that focuses on data gap filling using clear observations from orbit overlap regions. Multiple linear regression models were established for each pixel time series to estimate stable predictions and uncertainties. The model's training data came from stratified random samples based on the time series similarity between the pixel and data from the overlap regions. The algorithm was evaluated using four tiles (5,000 × 5,000 30-m pixels for each tile) from 2018 land surface temperature data (LST) in Atlanta, Georgia. The accuracy was assessed using 1,000 randomly masked pixels and daily air temperature from eight ground stations. Both assessments showed the r2 value above 0.75, except two stations with mixed Landsat pixels. We also compared our results with the eMODIS LST product in terms of annual mean temperature. The two maps showed a similar spatial pattern at the region level, but our results showed more spatial detail in the urban area that matched the pattern of impervious surface. We also applied the method on ARD surface reflectance bands at Fairbanks, Alaska, to illustrate its improvements in surface reflectance products and in land change modeling. This approach can also be applied to other datasets, vegetation indexes, or spectral reflectance bands of other sensors.

Remote Sensing↗