Floods on Little Buffalo Creek at West Jefferson, North Carolina
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The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the quality and quantity of the ground-water resources in the area of St. James, Minnesota. St. James is located in the center of Watonwan County in south-central Minnesota. The area is covered by a thick layer of glacial drift which is underlain by Cretaceous, Cambrian, and Precambrian rocks. St. James presently obtains its water supply from two aquifers. One is a Cretaceous sandstone 160 feet below the surface, in which two wells are completed. This aquifer yields abundant water but it is of poor quality and is expensive to treat. The second source, tapped by three municipal wells, is a surficial sand and gravel deposit less than 40 feet thick at the well field. This aquifer produces water of better quality, but its extent and capacity are not known. There are other wells in the area completed at depths ranging from 15 to 500 feet.
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The Black River basin is characterized by flat topography in its central part and by more hilly areas located principally along its boundary. Stream gradients are flat, having slopes of less than 10 feet per mile, except in areas near the basin divide and in isolated areas within the basin.
The Wild Rice watershed includes two general physiographic areas- the glacial Lake Agassiz Plain and a glacial moraine. The lake plain is extremely flat in the western part, sloping only a few feet per mile, but in the eastern part the plain is traversed in a north-south direction by long, narrow beach ridges up to 20 feet high. The moraine is an area of hills and depressions. The local relief is low in the western part of the moraine but increases to more than 200 feet in the east. Altitude of the land surface ranges from 800 feet above mean sea level where the Red River flows north out of the area to 2,040 feet near the southeastern edge of the watershed (one of the highest points in Minnesota). The area of the watershed is about 2,600 square miles and includes most of Mahnomen and Norman Counties and parts of Becker, Clay, Clearwater, and Polk Counties. The population of the area is about 37,000 people of which about 70 percent live on farms. The economy is based principally on farming. The area of lake clay and silt is used mostly for raising sugar beets and wheat; and potatoes are grown largely on the sandy soils. In the western part of the morainal area small grain, dairy, and cattle farming is the most common. The eastern part of the morainal area is important for forest products and recreation. Industries in the area are small and are based on agricultural processing and service.
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The Redwood River watershed contains 739 square miles underlain by glacial drift and sedimentary and crystalline rocks. The land surface slopes gently northeastward and eastward from altitudes greater than 1900 feet at the southwestern edge to less than 850 feet at the mouth of the Redwood River in the east. The area has slight local relief shaped by continental glaciation. The Redwood River and its tributaries, many of which are ephemeral, and ponds and lakes in the area provide water for local use and habitat for wildlife. The glacial drift and sedimentary rocks yield generally adequate water supplies for municipalities, households, and farms.
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