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USGS2020

One-Water Hydrologic Flow Model: A MODFLOW based conjunctive-use simulation software

The U.S. Geological Survey’s (USGS) Modular Ground-Water Flow Model (MODFLOW-2005) is a computer program that simulates groundwater flow by using finite differences. The MODFLOW-2005 framework uses a modular design that allows for the easy development and incorporation of new features called processes and packages that work with or modify inputs to the groundwater-flow equation. A process solves a flow equation or set of equations. For example, the central part of MODFLOW is the groundwater-flow process that solves the groundwater-flow equation; the surface-water routing process is an additional process that solves the surface-water flow equation. Packages are code related to the groundwater-flow process. For example, the subsidence package modifies the groundwater-flow process by including aquifer compaction effects on flow. With the development of new packages and processes, the MODFLOW-2005 base framework diverged into multiple independent versions designed for specific simulation needs. This divergence limited each independent MODFLOW release to its specific purpose, so that there was no longer a single, comprehensive, general-purpose hydraulic-simulation framework. The MODFLOW One-Water Hydrologic Flow Model (MF-OWHM, also informally known as OneWater) is an integrated hydrologic flow model that combines multiple MODFLOW-2005 variants in one cohesive simulation software; changes were made to enable multiple capabilities in one code. This fusion of the MODFLOW-2005 versions resulted in a simulation software that can be used to address and analyze a wide class of conjunctive-use, water-management, water-food-security, and climate-crop-water scenarios. As a second core version of MODFLOW-2005, MF-OWHM maintains backward compatibility with existing MODFLOW-2005 versions, with features that include the following: Process-based simulation. Saturated groundwater flow (three-dimensional). Surface-water flow (one- and two-dimensional). Stream and river flow. Lake and reservoir storage. Landscape simulation and irrigated agriculture. Land-use and crop simulation. Root uptake of groundwater. Actual evapotranspiration. Estimated irrigation demand. Reservoir operations. Aquifer compaction and subsidence by vertical model-grid deformation. Seawater intrusion by a sharp-interface assumption. Karst-aquifer and fractured-bedrock flow. Turbulent and laminar-pipe network flow. Unsaturated groundwater flow (one-dimensional). Internal linkages among the processes that couple hydraulic head, flow, and deformation. Redesigned code for faster simulation, increased user-input options, easier model updates, and more robust error reporting than in previous models. MF-OWHM is a MODFLOW-2005 based integrated hydrologic model that can simulate and analyze varying environmental conditions to allow for the evaluation of management options from many components of human and natural water movement through a physically based, supply and demand framework. The term “integrated,” in the context of this report, refers to the tight coupling of groundwater flow, surface-water flow, landscape processes, aquifer compaction and subsidence, reservoir operations, and conduit (karst) flow. Another benefit of this integrated hydrologic model is that models developed to run by MODFLOW-2005, MODFLOW-NWT, MODFLOW-CFP, or MODFLOW-FMP can also be simulated with MF-OWHM. At the time of this report’s publication, MF-OWHM version 2 (MF-OWHM2) does not include a direct internal simulation of snowmelt, advanced mountainous watershed rainfall-runoff simulation, detailed shallow soil-moisture accounting, or atmospheric moisture content. Atmospheric moisture may be accounted for indirectly by, optionally, specifying a pan-evaporation rate, reference evapotranspiration, and precipitation. These features are not included to ensure that simulation runtime remains short enough to enable the use of automated methods of calibrating model parameters to field observations, which typically require many simulation model runs. The MF-OWHM approach is to include as much detail as possible to simulate hydrological processes, providing the simulation runtimes remain reasonable enough to allow for robust parameter estimation and model calibration. To represent both natural and human-influenced flow, MF-OWHM integrates physically based flow processes derived from MODFLOW-2005 in a supply and demand framework. From this integration, the physically based movement of groundwater, surface water, imported water, and precipitation serve as supply to meet consumptive demands associated with irrigated and non-irrigated agriculture, natural vegetation, and urban water uses. Water consumption is determined by balancing the available water supply with water demand, leading to the concept of a demand-driven, supply-constrained simulation. The MF-OWHM Supply-and-Demand Framework is especially useful for the analysis of agricultural water use, where there are often few data available to describe changes in land-use through time, such as crop type and distribution, and the associated changes in groundwater pumpage. This framework attempts to satisfy each land-use water demand with available water supplies—that is, groundwater uptake, precipitation, and irrigation. An option provided in MF-OWHM2 is to automatically increase groundwater pumping for irrigation, which often is unknown, by the calculated residual between demand and the other available sources of supply. From large- to small-scale applications, the physically based supply and demand framework provides key capabilities for simulating and analyzing historical, current, and future conjunctive-use of surface water and groundwater. To achieve the physically based supply and demand framework, the MODFLOW-2005 standard of no inter-package and -process communication was relaxed for MF-OWHM2. Traditional MODFLOW simulation models required that all packages and processes interact through the groundwater-flow equation or by removing the water flow from the simulation domain. For example, the MODFLOW-2005 representation of a groundwater well extracts water from the groundwater-flow equation (by subtraction) and removes it from the simulation domain. This feature is available in the MF-OWHM framework, but options have been added to allow the specification of a use or destination of pumped groundwater within the model domain, for example, it can be used for irrigation, managed aquifer recharge, or return-flow to streams.

Techniques and Methods↗
USGS2003

Water resources data, Arizona, water year 2002

The Arizona District water data report includes records on both surface water and ground water in the State for water year 2002. Specifically, it contains: (1) discharge records for 201 streamflow-gaging stations, for 29 crest-stage, partial-record streamflow stations, and 48 miscellaneous sites; (2) stage and (or) content only records for 10 lakes and reservoirs; (3) water-quality records for 21 streamflow-gaging stations and 65 wells; and (4) water levels for 18 wells.

Arizona↗
USGS2005

Water resources data, Arizona, water year 2004

The USGS Arizona Water Science Center water data report includes records on both surface water and ground water in the State for water year 2004. Specifically, it contains: (1) Discharge records for 206 streamflow-gaging stations and 21 crest-stage, partial-record streamflow stations; (2) stage and (or) content records for 8 lakes and reservoirs; (3) water-quality records for 20 streamflow-gaging stations; (4) ground-water levels and compaction values for 14 stations; and (5) water levels for 18 wells.

Arizona↗
USGS1961

Surface water records of Arizona, 1961

The surface-water records for the 1961 water year for gaging stations and miscellaneous sites within the State of Arizona are given in this report. For convenience there are also included records for a few pertinent gaging stations in bordering States. The records were collected and computed by the Water Resources Division of the U.S. Geological Survey, under the direction of D. D. Lewis, district engineer, Surface Water Branch. This report marks the beginning of a new method of presenting, annually, basic data on surface-water records by States. Through September 30, 1960, the records of discharge and stage of streams and contents and stage of lakes or reservoirs were published in an annual series of U.S. Geological Survey water-supply papers entitled "Surface Water Supply of the United States." Since 1951 there have been 20 volumes in the series; each volume covered an area whose boundaries coincided with those of certain natural drainage areas. The records in Arizona were contained in Part 9 of that series. Beginning with the 1961 water year, streamflow records and related data will be released by the Geological Survey in annual reports on a State-boundary basis. Distribution of these basic-data reports will be limited and primarily for local needs. The records later will be published in Geological Survey water-supply papers at 5-year intervals. These 5-year water-supply papers will show daily discharge and will be compiled on the same geographical areas previously used for the annual series; however, some of the 14 parts of conterminous United States will be further subdivided.

Arizona↗
USGS1962

Surface water records of Arizona, 1962

The surface-water records for the 1962 water year for gaging stations and miscellaneous sites within the State of Arizona are given in this report. For convenience there are also included records for a few pertinent gaging stations in bordering States. The records were collected and computed by the Water Resources Division of the U.S. Geological Survey, under the direction of D. D. Lewis, district engineer, Surface Water Branch. This report continues a new method, begun with the 1961 water year, of presenting, annually, basic data on surface-water records by States. Through September 30, 1960, the records of discharge and stage of streams and contents and stage of lakes or reservoirs were published in an annual series of U.S. Geological Survey water-supply papers entitled "Surface Water Supply of the United States." Since 1951 there have been 20 volumes in the series; each volume covered an area whose boundaries coincided with those of certain natural drainage areas. The records in Arizona were contained in Part 9 of that series. Beginning with the 1961 water year, streamflow records and related data are being released by the Geological Survey in annual reports on a State-boundary basis. Distribution of these basic-data reports will be limited and primarily for local needs. The records later will be published in Geological Survey water supply papers at 5-year intervals. These 5-year water-supply papers will show daily discharge and will be compiled on the same geographical areas previously used for the annual series; however, some of the 14 parts of conterminous United States will be further subdivided.

Arizona↗
USGS1963

Surface water records of Arizona, 1963

The surface-water records for the 1963 water year for gaging stations and miscellaneous sites within the State of Arizona are given in this report. For convenience there are also included records for a few pertinent gaging stations in bordering States. The records were collected and computed by the Water Resources Division of the U.S. Geological Survey, under the direction of D. D. Lewis, district engineer, Surface Water Branch. This report continues a new method, begun with the 1961 water year, of presenting, annually, basic data on surface-water records by States. Through September 30, 1960, the records of discharge and stage of streams and contents and stage of lakes or reservoirs were published in an annual series of U.S. Geological Survey water-supply papers entitled "Surface Water Supply of the United States." Since 1951 there have been 20 volumes in the series; each volume covered an area whose boundaries coincided with those of certain natural drainage areas. The records in Arizona were contained in Part 9 of that series. Beginning with the 1961 water year, streamflow records and related data are being released by the Geological Survey in annual reports on a State-boundary basis. Distribution of these basic-data reports will be limited and primarily for local needs.

Arizona↗
USGS1964

Surface water records of Arizona, 1964

The surface-water records for t he 1964 water year for gaging st at i ons and miscellaneous si tes within the State of Arizona are given in this report. For convenience there are also included records for a few pertinent gaging stations in bordering States. The records were collected and computed by the Water Resources Division of the U.S. Geological Survey, under the direction of R. M. Babcock, district chief. This report continues a new method, begun with the 1961 water year, of presenting, annually, basic data on surface-water records by States. Through September 30, 1960, the records of discharge and stage of str eams and contents and stage of lakes or reservoirs were published in an annual series of U.S. Geological Survey water-supply papers entitled "Surface Water Supply of the United States." Since 1951 there have been 20 volumes in the series; each volume covered an area whose boundaries coincided wi th those of certain natural drainage areas. The records in Arizona were contained in Part 9 of that series. Beginning with the 1961 water year, streamflow records and related data are being released by the Geological Survey in annual reports on a State-boundary basis. Distribution of these basic-data reports will be limited and primarily for local needs.

Arizona↗
USGS1965

Water resources data for Arizona, 1965: Part 1. Surface water records

The surface-water records for the 1965 water year for gaging stations and miscellaneous sites are included in this r e port. Records for a few pertinent gaging stations in bordering States also are included for convenience. The records were collected and computed by the Water Resources Division of the U.S. Geological Survey under the direction of H. M. Babcock, district chief. This report is the continuation of a new method, which was started with the 1961 water year, of presenting, annually, basic data on surface-water records by States. Through September 30, 1960, the records of discharge and stage of streams and contents and stage of lakes or reservoirs were published in the annual series of U.S. Geological Survey water-supply papers entitled "Surface Water Supply of the United States." Since 1951 there have been 20 volumes in the series; each volume covers an area whose boundaries coincide with those of certain natural drainage areas. The records for Arizona are contained in Part 9 of that series. Since 1961, streamflow records and r elated data have been released by the Geological Survey in annual reports on a State-boundary basis. Distribution of these basic-data reports is limited, and they are primarily for local needs.

Arizona↗
USGS1966

Water resources data for Arizona, 1966: Part 1. Surface water records

The surface-water records for the 1966 water year for gaging stations, partial-record stations, and miscellaneous sites in the State of Arizona are included in this report. Records for a few pertinent gaging stations in bordering States also are included for convenience. The records were collected and computed by the Water Resources Division of the U. S. Geological Survey under the direction of H. M. Babcock, district chief. This report is the continuation of a new method, which was started with the 1961 water year, of presenting, annually, basic data on surfacewater records by States. Through September 30, 1960, the records of discharge and stage of streams and contents and stage of lakes or reservoirs were published in the annual series of U.S. Geological Survey water-supply papers entitled "Surface Water Supply of the United States." Since 1951 there have been 20 volumes in the series; each volume covers an area whose boundaries coincide with those of certain natural drainage areas. The records for Arizona are contained in Part 9 of that series. Since 1961, streamflow records and related data have been released by the Geological Survey in annual reports on a State-boundary basis. Distribution of these basic-data reports is limited, and they are primarily for local needs. The records later will be published in Geological Survey water-supply papers at 5-year intervals.

Arizona↗
USGS1968

Water resources data for Arizona, 1968: Part 1. Surface water records

The surface-water records for the 1968 water year for gaging stations, partial-record stations, and miscellaneous sites in the State of Arizona are included in this report. Records for a few pertinent gaging stations in bordering States also are included for convenience. The records were collected and computed by the Water Resources Division of the U.S. Geological Survey under the direction of H. M. Babcock, district chief. Through September 30, 1960, the records of discharge and stage of streams and contents and stage of lakes or reservoirs were published in the annual series of U.S. Geological Survey water-supply paper s entitled "Surface Water Supply of the United States!' From 1951 to 1960, 20 volumes were published annually in the series; each volume covers an area whose boundaries coincide with those of certain natural drainage areas. The records for Arizona are contained in Part 9 of that series. Beginning with the 1961 water year, streamflow records and related data have been released by the Geological Survey in annual reports on a State boundary basis. Distribution of these basic-data reports is limited, and they are primarily for local needs. The records later will be published in Geological Survey water-supply papers at 5-year intervals.

Arizona↗
USGS1978

Water resources data for Arizona, water year 1977

Water resources data for the 1977 water year for Arizona consist of records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams; stage, contents, and water quality of lakes and reservoirs; and measurements of ground-water levels. Also included are discharge data for crest-stage partial-record stations and water-quality data for partial-record stations. Locations of the gaging stations are shown in figures 4, 6, and 7, and of water-quality stations in figures 5 and 6. Additional water data were collected at various sites, which are not part of the systematic data-collection program, and are published as miscellaneous measurements or miscellaneous water-quality analyses. These data represent that part of the National Water Data System operated by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating State and Federal agencies in Arizona.

Arizona↗
USGS1980

Water resources data for Arizona, water year 1979

Water resources data for the 1978 water year for Arizona consist of records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams; stage, contents, and water quality of lakes and reservoirs; measurements of ground-water levels; and quality of water from selected wells. Also included are discharge data for crest-stage partial-record stations and water-quality data for partial-record stations. Locations of the gaging stations are shown in figures 4, 6, and 7, and of water-quality stations in figures 5 and 6. Additional water data were collected at various sites, which are not part of the systematic data-collection program, and are published as miscellaneous measurements or miscellaneous water-quality analyses. These data represent that part of the National Water Data System operated by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating State and Federal agencies in Arizona.

Arizona↗
USGS1983

Water resources data, Arizona, water year 1981

Water resources data for the 1981 water year for Arizona consist of records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams; stage, contents, and water quality of lakes and reservoirs; measurements of ground-water levels; and quality of water from selected wells. Also included are discharge data for crest-stage partial-record stations and water-quality data for partial-record stations. Locations of the gaging stations are shown in figures 4, 6, and 7, and of water-quality stations in figures 5 and 6. Additional water data were collected at various sites, which are not part of the systematic data-collection program, and are published as miscellaneous measurements or miscellaneous water-quality analyses. These data represent that part of the National Water Data System operated by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating State and Federal agencies in Arizona.

Arizona↗
USGS1986

Water resources data, Arizona water year 1983

Water resources data for the 1983 water year for Arizona consist of records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams; stage, contents, and water quality of lakes and reservoirs; measurements of ground-water levels; and quality of water from selected wells. Also included are discharge data for crest-stage partial-record stations and water-quality data for partial-record stations. Locations of the gaging stations are shown in figures 4, 6, and 7, and of water-quality stations in figures 5 and 6. Additional water data were collected at various sites, which are not part of the systematic data-collection program, and are published as miscellaneous measurements or miscellaneous water-quality analyses. These data represent that part of the National Water Data System operated by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating State and Federal agencies in Arizona.

Arizona↗
USGS1987

Water resources data for Arizona, water year 1984

Water resources data for the 1984 water year for Arizona consist of records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams; stage, contents, and water quality of lakes and reservoirs; measurements of ground-water levels; and quality of water from selected wells. Also included are discharge data for crest-stage partial-record stations and water-quality data for partial-record stations. Locations of the gaging stations are shown in figures 4, 6, and 7, and of water-quality stations in figures 5 and 6. Additional water data were collected at various sites, which are not part of the systematic data-collection program, and are published as miscellaneous measurements or miscellaneous water-quality analyses. These data represent that part of the National Water Data System operated by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating State and Federal agencies in Arizona.

Arizona↗
USGS1961

Surface Water Records of California, 1961; Volume 1: Colorado River Basin, Southern Great Basin and Pacific Slope Basins excluding Central Valley

The surface-water records for the 1961 water year for gaging stations, partial-record stations, and miscellaneous sites within the State of California are given in this report. For convenience there are also included records for a few pertinent gaging stations in bordering States. The records were collected and computed by the Water Resources Division of the U.S. Geological Survey, under the direction of Walter Hofmann, district engineer, Surface Water Branch. This report marks the beginning of a new method of presenting, annually, basic data on surface-water records by States. Through September 30, 1960, the records of discharge and stage of streams and contents and stage of lakes or reservoirs were published in an annual series of U.S. Geological Survey water-supply papers entitled "Surface Water Supply of the United States." Since 1951 there have been 20 volumes in the series; each volume covered an area whose boundaries coincided with those of certain natural drainage areas. The records in California were contained in Parts 9, 10, and 11 of that series. Beginning with the 1961 water year, streamflow records and related data will be released by the Geological Survey in annual reports on a State-boundary basis. Distribution of these basicdata reports will be limited and primarily for local needs. The records later will be published in Geological Survey water-supply papers at 5-year intervals. These 5-year water-supply papers will show daily discharge and will be compiled on the same geographical areas previously used for the annual series; however, some of the 14 parts of conterminous United States will be further subdivided.

California↗
USGS1961

Surface Water Records of California, 1961; Volume 2: Northern Great Basin and Central Valley

The surface-water records for the 1961 water year for gaging stations, partial-record stations, and miscellaneous sites within the State of California are given in this report. For convenience there are also included records for a few pertinent gaging stations in bordering States. The records were collected and computed by the Water Resources Division of the U.S. Geological Survey, under the direction of Walter Hofmann, district engineer, Surface Water Branch. This report marks the beginning of a new method of presenting, annually, basic data on surface-water records by States. Through September 30, 1960, the records of discharge and stage of streams and contents and stage of lakes or reservoirs were published in an annual series of U.S. Geological Survey water-supply papers entitled "Surface Water Supply of the United States." Since 1951 there have been 20 volumes in the series; each volume covered an area whose boundaries coincided with those of certain natural drainage areas. The records in California were contained in Parts 9, 10, and 11 of that series. Beginning with the 1961 water year, streamflow records and related data will be released by the Geological Survey in annual reports on a State-boundary basis. Distribution of these basic data reports will be limited and primarily for local needs. The records later will be published in Geological Survey water-supply papers at 5-year intervals. These 5-year water-supply papers will show daily discharge and will be compiled on the same geographical areas previously used for the annual series; however, some of the 14 parts of conterminous United States will be further subdivided.

California↗
USGS1962

Surface Water Records of California, 1962; Volume 2: Northern Great Basin and Central Valley

The surface-water records for the 1962 water year for gaging stations, partial-record stations, and miscellaneous sites within the State of California are given in this report. For convenience there are also included records for a few pertinent gaging stations in bordering States. The records were collected and computed by the Water Resources Division of the U.S. Geological Survey, under the direction of Walter Hofmann, district engineer, Surface Water Branch. Through September 30, 1960, the records of discharge and stage of streams,and contents and stage of lakes or reservoirs were published in an annual series of U.S. Geological Survey water-supply papers entitled "Surface Water Supply of the United States." Since 1951 there have been 20 volumes in the series; each volume covered an area whose boundaries coincided with those of certain natural drainage areas. The records in California were contained in parts 9, 10, and 11 of that series. Beginning with the 1961 water year, streamflow records and related data are being released by the Geological Survey in annual reports on a State-boundary basis. Distribution of these basic data reports is limited and primarily for local needs. The records later will be published in Geological Survey water-supply papers at 5-year intervals. These 5-year water-supply papers will show daily discharge and will be compiled on the same geographical areas previously used for the annual series; however, some of the 14 parts of conterminous United States will be further subdivided.

California↗