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Lagrangian sampling of wastewater treatment plant effluent in Boulder Creek, Colorado, and Fourmile Creek, Iowa, during the summer of 2003 and spring of 2005— Hydrological and water-quality data
This report presents methods and data for a Lagrangian sampling investigation into chemical loading and in-stream attenuation of inorganic and organic contaminants in two wastewater treatment-plant effluent-dominated streams: Boulder Creek, Colorado, and Fourmile Creek, Iowa. Water-quality sampling was timed to coincide with low-flow conditions when dilution of the wastewater treatment-plant effluent by stream water was at a minimum. Sample-collection times corresponded to estimated travel times (based on tracer tests) to allow the same "parcel" of water to reach downstream sampling locations. The water-quality data are linked directly to stream discharge using flow- and depth-integrated composite sampling protocols. A range of chemical analyses was made for nutrients, carbon, major elements, trace elements, biological components, acidic and neutral organic wastewater compounds, antibiotic compounds, pharmaceutical compounds, steroid and steroidal-hormone compounds, and pesticide compounds. Physical measurements were made for field conditions, stream discharge, and time-of-travel studies. Two Lagrangian water samplings were conducted in each stream, one in the summer of 2003 and the other in the spring of 2005. Water samples were collected from five sites in Boulder Creek: upstream from the wastewater treatment plant, the treatment-plant effluent, and three downstream sites. Fourmile Creek had seven sampling sites: upstream from the wastewater treatment plant, the treatment-plant effluent, four downstream sites, and a tributary. At each site, stream discharge was measured, and equal width-integrated composite water samples were collected and split for subsequent chemical, physical, and biological analyses. During the summer of 2003 sampling, Boulder Creek downstream from the wastewater treatment plant consisted of 36 percent effluent, and Fourmile Creek downstream from the respective wastewater treatment plant was 81 percent effluent. During the spring of 2005 samplings, Boulder Creek downstream from the wastewater treatment plant was 40 percent effluent, and Fourmile Creek downstream from that wastewater treatment plant was 28 percent effluent. At each site, 300 individual constituents were determined to characterize the water. Most of the inorganic constituents were detected in all of the stream and treatment-plant effluent samples, whereas detection of synthetic organic compounds was more limited and contaminants typically occurred only in wastewater treatment-plant effluents and at downstream sites. Concentrations ranged from nanograms per liter to milligrams per liter.
Ground-water levels and related hydrologic data from selected observation wells in Nassau County, Long Island, New York
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Hydrologic and geologic data for water management in Huntsville, Madison County, 1974-75
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Hydrologic and water-quality data for streams and impoundments in the Coteau des Prairies-Upper Minnesota River basin, 1979-84
Water-quality and streamflow data were collected in the Coteau des Prairies region of southwestern Minnesota and eastern South Dakota from 1979- 84. Data were collected to (1) document the water-quality characteristics of streams and impoundments in the Coteau area, (2) predict the impact of proposed impoundments, (3) define the amount of dissolved and suspended material transported, and (4) determine the differences in water quality between the impoundment inflows and outflows. Streamflow and water-quality data were collected at 12 stream and four impoundment sites. Continuous-record gages, set to collect data at 15-minute intervals, and readings taken by local observers were used to complete discharge records at 10 stream sites and stage records at three impoundment sites. Automatic samplers and local observers collected storm runoff, sediment, and nutrient samples at 10 stream sites. Water-quality samples were collected at various time and stage intervals during high flow and periodically during low flow. Primary emphasis in the stream-sampling program was on analysis of samples for nutrients in 1980-82, and on analysis of suspended sediment and nutrients in 1983-84. Field measurements were made of pH, water temperature, dissolved oxygen, specific conductance, alkalinity, and bacteria. Secondary emphasis was on analysis of major dissolved substances. Primary emphasis in the impoundments was on analysis of samples for phosphorus and chlorophyll and on the measurement of transparency. Temperature and dissolved-oxygen concentrations were measured to determine the degree of stratification. All data collected during the study are given in tables 4-13 of this report. The tables list mean-daily stream discharge, mean-daily suspendedsediment concentration, daily suspended-sediment discharge, results of waterquality analyses, and bed-material particle-size analyses at stream sites. The tables also list information on pool stage, water temperature, and transparency, on dissolved-oxygen, chlorophyll a, phytoplankton, and nutrient concentrations, and on chemical and partical-size analyses of bed material at impoundment sites.
Hydrologic and water-quality data for selected sites, Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming, September 1988 through September 1990
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Hydrologic and water-quality data in selected agricultural drainages in Beaufort and Hyde Counties, North Carolina, 1988-90
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Hydrologic and water-quality data for the lower Bradley River, Alaska, March 1993 to April 1994
A dam constructed at the outlet of Bradley Lake near Homer, Alaska has blocked natural flows to the lower Bradley River. To protect salmon egg incubation habitat during the period November 2 to April 30, a fish-water bypass was incorporated into the design of the dam to ensure a minimum discharge of 40 cubic feet per second in the lower river. This minimum flow determination was based on an open-water instream flow study that did not take into account effects of ice formation. A study was begun in March 1993 to determine winter flow conditions in the lower Bradley River. As a part of this study, data were collected at sites in the lower Bradley River to measure discharge, wetted perimeter, cross-sectional area, water depth, flow velocity, and specific conductance, as well as temperature and dissolved oxygen from both surface water and intragravel water. Discharge and specific conduc- tance in the Middle Fork Bradley River below North Fork Bradley River were also measured. This report presents data collected between March 1993 and April 1994.
Hydrologic and water-quality data for the Weldon Spring Ordnance Works, St. Charles County, Missouri, 1992-95
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Hydrologic and water-quality data from selected sites in the Charleston Harbor Estuary and tributary rivers, South Carolina, water years 1992-95
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Hydrologic and water-quality data, Guanella Pass area, Colorado, water year 1995
Water quality of streams and lakes in the Guanella Pass area could be affected by the proposed reconstruction of the existing road through the area. During water year 1995 (October 1, 1994, to September 30, 1995), data were collected that provide reconnaissance information about thehydrology, water quality, sediment transport, biology, and bulk atmospheric-deposition in the Guanella Pass study area. Data were collected at 5 stream monitoring stations, 23 synoptic-stream sites, 11 road-runoff sites, 8 ground-water sites, 4 lake/reservoir sites, 2 snow-precipitation sites, 11 biological sampling sites, and 12 bulk atmospheric- deposition sites.
Hydrologic and water-quality data for the Southwest Irrigation District's High Plains States Groundwater Recharge Demonstration Project, south-central Idaho
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Hydrologic and water-quality data for the lower Bradley River, Alaska, November through April 1995-98
A dam constructed at the outlet of Bradley Lake near Homer, Alaska has blocked natural flows to the lower Bradley River. To protect salmon egg incubation habitat during the period of November 2 to April 30, a fish-water bypass was incorporated into the design of the dam to ensure a minimum discharge of 40 cubic feet per second in the lower river. This minimum flow determination was based on an open-water instream flow study that did not take into account effects of ice formation. A study was begun in March 1993 to determine winter flow conditions in the lower Bradley River. As a part of this study, data were collected at sites in the lower Bradley River to measure discharge, wetted perimeter, water depth, flow velocity, and specific conductance, as well as temperature and dissolved oxygen from both surface water and intragravel water. This report presents data collected between November 1995 and April 1998.
Hydrologic and water-quality data from Mountain Island Lake, North Carolina, 1994-97
Continuous-record water-level gages were established at three sites on Mountain Island Lake and one site downstream from Mountain Island Dam. The water level of Mountain Island Lake is controlled by Duke Power Company releases at Cowans Ford Dam (upstream) and Mountain Island Dam (downstream). Water levels on Mountain Island Lake measured just downstream from Cowans Ford Dam fluctuated 11.15 feet during the study. Water levels just upstream from the Mountain Island Lake forebay fluctuated 6.72 feet during the study. About 3 miles downstream from Mountain Island Dam, water levels fluctuated 5.31 feet. Sampling locations included 14 sites in Mountain Island Lake, plus one downstream river site. At three sites, automated instruments recorded water temperature, dissolved-oxygen concentration, and specific conductance at 15-minute intervals throughout the study. Water temperatures recorded continuously during the study ranged from 4.2 to 35.2 degrees Celsius, and dissolved-oxygen concentrations ranged from 2.1 to 11.8 milligrams per liter. Dissolved-oxygen concentrations generally were inversely related to water temperature, with lowest dissolved-oxygen concentrations typically recorded in the summer. Specific conductance values recorded continuously during the study ranged from 33 to 89 microsiemens per centimeter; however, mean monthly values were fairly consistent throughout the study at all sites (50 to 61 microsiemens per centimeter). In addition, vertical profiles of water temperature, dissolved-oxygen concentration, specific conductance, and pH were measured at all sampling locations during 24 site visits. Water-quality constituent concentrations were determined for seven reservoir sites and the downstream river site during 17 sampling trips. Water-quality samples were routinely analyzed for biochemical oxygen demand, fecal coliform bacteria, hardness, alkalinity, total and volatile suspended solids, nutrients, total organic carbon, chlorophyll, iron, calcium, and magnesium; the samples were analyzed less frequently for trace metals, volatile organic compounds, semivolatile organic compounds, and pesticides. Maximum dissolved nitrite plus nitrate concentrations determined during the study were 0.348 milligram per liter in the mainstem sites and 2.77 milligrams per liter in the coves. Maximum total phosphorus concentrations were 0.143 milligram per liter in the mainstem sites and 0.600 milligram per liter in the coves. Fecal coliform and chlorophyll a concentrations were less than or equal to 160 colonies per 100 milliliters and 13 micrograms per liter, respectively, in all samples. Trace metals detected in at least one sample included arsenic, chromium, copper, lead, nickel, zinc, and antimony. Concentrations of all trace metals (except zinc) were 5.0 micrograms per liter or less; the maximum zinc concentration was 80 micrograms per liter. One set of bottom material samples was collected from Gar Creek and McDowell Creek for chemical analysis and analyzed for nutrients, trace metals, organochlorine pesticides, and semivolatile organic compounds. The only organochlorine pesticide identified in either sample was p,p'-DDE at an estimated concentration of 0.8 microgram per kilogram. Twenty semivolatile organic compounds, mainly polyaromatic hydrocarbons and plasticizers, were identified.
Assessing the impact of site-specific BMPs using a spatially explicit, field-scale SWAT model with edge-of-field and tile hydrology and water-quality data in the Eagle Creek watershed, Ohio
The Eagle Creek watershed, a small subbasin (125 km 2 ) within the Maumee River Basin, Ohio, was selected as a part of the Great Lakes Restoration Initiative (GLRI) “Priority Watersheds” program to evaluate the effectiveness of agricultural Best Management Practices (BMPs) funded through GLRI at the field and watershed scales. The location and quantity of BMPs were obtained from the U.S. Department of Agriculture-Natural Resources Conservation Service National Conservation Planning (NCP) database. A Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model was built and calibrated for this predominantly agricultural Eagle Creek watershed, incorporating NCP BMPs and monitoring data at the watershed outlet, an edge-of-field (EOF), and tile monitoring sites. Input air temperature modifications were required to induce simulated tile flow to match monitoring data. Calibration heavily incorporated tile monitoring data to correctly proportion surface and subsurface flow, but calibration statistics were unsatisfactory at the EOF and tile monitoring sites. At the watershed outlet, satisfactory to very good calibration statistics were achieved over a 2-year calibration period, and satisfactory statistics were found in the 2-year validation period. SWAT fixes parameters controlling nutrients primarily at the watershed level; a refinement of these parameters at a smaller-scale could improve field-level calibration. Field-scale modeling results indicate that filter strips (FS) are the most effective single BMPs at reducing dissolved reactive phosphorus, and FS typically decreased sediment and nutrient yields when added to any other BMP or BMP combination. Cover crops were the most effective single, in-field practice by reducing nutrient loads over winter months. Watershed-scale results indicate BMPs can reduce sediment and nutrients, but reductions due to NCP BMPs in the Eagle Creek watershed for all water-quality constituents were less than 10%. Hypothetical scenarios simulated with increased BMP acreages indicate larger investments of the appropriate BMP or BMP combination can decrease watershed level loads.
Watershed Data Management (WDM) database for West Branch DuPage River streamflow simulation, DuPage County, Illinois, January 1, 2007, through September 30, 2013
The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the DuPage County Stormwater Management Department, maintains a database of hourly meteorological and hydrologic data for use in a near real-time streamflow simulation system. This system is used in the management and operation of reservoirs and other flood-control structures in the West Branch DuPage River watershed in DuPage County, Illinois. The majority of the precipitation data are collected from a tipping-bucket rain-gage network located in and near DuPage County. The other meteorological data (air temperature, dewpoint temperature, wind speed, and solar radiation) are collected at Argonne National Laboratory in Argonne, Ill. Potential evapotranspiration is computed from the meteorological data using the computer program LXPET (Lamoreux Potential Evapotranspiration). The hydrologic data (water-surface elevation [stage] and discharge) are collected at U.S.Geological Survey streamflow-gaging stations in and around DuPage County. These data are stored in a Watershed Data Management (WDM) database. This report describes a version of the WDM database that is quality-assured and quality-controlled annually to ensure datasets are complete and accurate. This database is named WBDR13.WDM. It contains data from January 1, 2007, through September 30, 2013. Each precipitation dataset may have time periods of inaccurate data. This report describes the methods used to estimate the data for the periods of missing, erroneous, or snowfall-affected data and thereby improve the accuracy of these data. The other meteorological datasets are described in detail in Over and others (2010), and the hydrologic datasets in the database are fully described in the online USGS annual water data reports for Illinois (U.S. Geological Survey, 2016) and, therefore, are described in less detail than the precipitation datasets in this report.