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At least 577 records · Page 32Linked to original sources
USGS1974

The jumping ability and behavior of green sunfish (Lepomis cyanellus) at the outflow of a 1.6-ha pond

Effects of a plunging water flow on the behavior of green sunfish (Lepomis cyanellus) 7.1 to 9.7 cm in total length were studied at the outflow of a 1.6‐ha pond. Jumping ability and behavior were measured at 12‐hr intervals using a fishˈs position in a 0.9 m 2 ‐vertical grid or in the discharge pipe. Activity was influenced by flow rate, time of day, and time of year. Fish jumped up to 10 times their body length and traversed a horizontal distance of 0.6 m. Fish with the greatest mean length jumped the highest. The majority of the fish were captured during the 0600‐hr tending period: 79.9% pipe only study and 82.4% pipe and grid combined study.

Transactions of the American Fisheries Society↗
USGS1974

Comparative toxicity of two Iodophors to rainbow trout eggs

Toxicity of Wescodyne (R) and Betadine (R) to eyed eggs was not adversely affected by water hardness (as calcium and magnesium) or by exposure periods up to 60 min. Both iodophors were much more toxic below pH 6.0 than at pH 8.0. In general Wescodyne was slightly more toxic than Betadine. Significant egg loss occurred if freshly fertilized eggs were water-hardened in either iodophor at 100 ppm of iodine, but egg loss at 25 ppm of iodine or at 100 ppm if the eggs were disinfected 30 min after water hardening was comparable to the control. Also, there was no effect on the egg mortality or fry development following single or multiple exposures after eggs were water hardened. At pH 6.0 and above, Wescodyne and Betadine at 100 ppm iodine in a 15-min dip would be safe to use on rainbow trout eggs at any stage of development after water hardening. Recommendations and precautions for hatchery use are given.

Transactions of the American Fisheries Society↗
USGS1974

A respirometer with controllable oxygen levels

Construction details and operation of a respirometer with capabilities for controlling the oxygen level at preselected levels is described. The interaction of an oxygen sensor and electronic switch energizes an electrolysis cell which replenishes oxygen used by a test organism. Respiration rate of any aquatic or semiaquatic organism may be determined by this apparatus.

Transactions of the American Fisheries Society↗
USGS1975

Channel catfish virus experiments with different strains of channel catfish

Experimental infections of channel catfish virus were made by feeding virus to six strains of 1‐, 2‐, and 3‐month‐old channel catfish from different geographical areas and two hybrid strains. There was no significant difference in mortality between age groups. Mortality rates differed significantly between the various strains, with mean mortality ranging from 10% to 71% among infected fish. Mortality percentage of the Falcon group was significantly higher than all other groups. Hybrid strains had the lowest percentage of mortality.

Transactions of the American Fisheries Society↗
USGS1975

Effect of egg concentration in an incubation channel on survival of chinook salmon fry

Eyed eggs of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) were planted in the Abernathy (Washington) incubation channel at concentrations of 7,180, 10,764, and 14,349 eggs/m 2 of gravel. Numbers of eggs planted were 200,000, 240,000, and 200,800, and survivals to the downstream migrant stage were 78.5, 85.0, and 79.1%, respectively; the differences were not statistically significant. The concentration of 14,349 eggs/m 2 is near the capacity of the channel. This stocking rate is 10 times that commonly recommended for artificial spawning channels. Egg concentration was apparently limited only by the physical capacity of the gravel.

Transactions of the American Fisheries Society↗
USGS1975

Feeding behavior and temperature and light tolerance of Mysis relicta in the laboratory

Live specimens of Mysis relicta from Lake Michigan were held for one year in the laboratory to determine feeding behavior and tolerance to light and temperature. Mysids fed by moving with rapid, horizontal jerking motions toward food as it settled toward the bottom and by swimming slowly, upside down, to gather particles floating on the surface. Scavenging was common. Mysids tolerated considerably higher temperatures than previously reported. Temperature increases (from 5 C) of 1 C per day and 1 C per minute resulted in TL m values of 20.5 C and 20.4 C, respectively. Mortality increased rapidly at temperatures above 13 C. The upper lethal limit for mysids acclimated to 5 C was about 22 C. Survival under continuous, high light intensity (32 foot-candles) was considerably higher than previously reported. Low water temperature (5 C) may have increased light tolerance.

Transactions of the American Fisheries Society↗
USGS1975

Requirement of Atlantic salmon for dietary phosphorus

Triplicate lots of young Atlantic salnon (Salmo salar) were fed a diet containing graded levels of supplemental inorganic phosphorus. The basal diet, containing mainly dehulled soybean meal and other plant materials, provided 40% crude protein, 0.7% phosphorus, 1.5% calcium, and 4,000 IU of supplemental cholecalciferol per kg of diet. Supplements of inorganic phosphorus significantly improved growth, feed utilization, and bone ash content. Inorganic phosphorus supplementation up to 0.6% of the diet increased growth rate and bone ash content; additions beyond this level had little further effect. This study suggests that when young salmon are fed diets containing 0.7% phosphorus from plant sources, the minimum requirement for supplemental inorganic phosphorus is approximately 0.6% of the diet.

Transactions of the American Fisheries Society↗
USGS1975

Effect of different constant incubation temperatures on egg survival and embryonic development in lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis)

Eggs of lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) were incubated in a constant-flow incubator at constant temperatures of 0.5, 2.0, 4.0, 5.9, 7.8, and 10.0 C. The time from fertilization to median hatch was inversely related to temperature, and ranged from 41.7 days at 10.0 C to 182 days at 0.5 C. The percentage hatch was highest (70.9-73.3%) at 4.0, 5.9, and 7.8 C, and was greatly reduced (6.0-28.4%) at 0.5, 2.0, and 10.0 C. The mortality of embryos was greatest during the early stages of development. Abnormally developed fry were most frequent (85.9% of the hatch) at 10.0 C, and least frequent (2.8%) at 4.0 C. Mean lengths of fry at hatching were shorter at 7.8 and 10.0 C (12.4 and 8.8 mm, respectively) than at lower temperatures (13.1 to 13.5 mm). The optimum temperature range for incubation of lake whitefish eggs was 3.2 to 8.1 C. Equations were derived for predicting development time to 20 successive stages, and to hatching, at constant incubation temperatures and at fluctuating daily mean water temperatures.

Transactions of the American Fisheries Society↗
USGS1975

Inhibition of salt water survival and Na-K-ATPase elevation in steelhead trout (Salmo gairdneri) by moderate water temperatures

The steelhead trout metamorphosis from a freshwater parr to a sea water-tolerant smolt possessing the migration tendency was evaluated at six different growth temperatures ranging from 6 to 15 C during January through July. The highest temperature where a transformation was indicated was 11.3 C. By April fish reared at 6 C had elevated ATPase levels typical of smolts or migratory animals and showed 92% survival in sea water. Ten and 11.3 C-reared fish showed a short-lived elevation in ATPase in mid-April alone concurrently with 100% sea water survival at that time. Only in 6 C-reared animals did the salt water survival ability continue into May. High ATPase levels likewise were prolonged into May and June only in the 6 C-reared group. The data indicate that metamorphosis (and therefore successful migration) of juvenile steelhead trout is directly controlled by water temperature.

Transactions of the American Fisheries Society↗
USGS1976

Production of hybrid, androgenetic, and gynogenetic grass carp and carp

Hybridization, androgenesis, and gynogenesis were studied as potential methods for creating nonreproducing populations of fish. Hybrids from crosses of female grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) X male carp (Cyprinus carpio, Israeli mirrow variety) died during embryonic development. Hybrids of the reciprocal cross hatched and were stocked in ponds, but most died within 3 months. Dimensions of the nuclei of erythrocytes from hybrids indicated that survivors were polyploid. Androgenetic grass carp and gynogenetic carp were both observed in this reciprocal cross. Gynogenesis occurred in 3% of the eggs from grass carp fertilized with UV‐irradiated milt from carp. Nuclear dimensions of androgenetic and gynogenetic fish suggested a diploid karyotype. The yield of 7,862 gynogenetic grass carp is evidence that this method might be practical for production of monosex fish for experimentation.

Transactions of the American Fisheries Society↗
USGS1976

Removal of toxic chemicals from water with activated carbon

Activated carbon was effective in removing fish toxicants and anesthetics from water solutions. Its capacity to adsorb 3‐trifluoromethyl‐4‐nitrophenol (TFM), antimycin, Noxfish (R) (5% rotenone), Dibrom (R) , juglone, MS‐222, and benzocaine ranged from 0.1 to 64 mg per gram of carbon. The adsorptive capacity (end point considered as a significant discharge) of activated carbon for removal of TFM was determined at column depths of 15, 30, and 60 cm; temperatures of 7, 12, 17, and 22 C; pHˈs of 6.5, 7.5, 8.5, and 9.5; and flow rates of 50, 78, 100, 200, and 940 ml/min. Adsorptive capacity increased when the contact time was increased by reducing the flow rate or increasing the column depth. The adsorptive capacity was not significantly influenced by temperature but was substantially higher at pH 6.5 than at the other pHˈs tested. A practical and efficient filter for purifying chemically treated water was developed.

Transactions of the American Fisheries Society↗
USGS1976

Effects of inbreeding on rainbow trout populations

An approach for measuring inbreeding depression on the basis of differences between inbred and outbred half‐sib family groups is described. Using this method, estimates of inbreeding depression in populations of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) following one generation of brother‐sister mating was calculated for three production traits–percent egg hatchability, percent fry survival from swim‐up to 150 days, and weight at 150 days. The inbreeding depression estimates obtained from male and female half‐sib families were 1.7 and 4.4% for percent egg hatchability, 22.2 and 16.1% for percent fry survival, and 12.0 and 9.8% for weight at 150 days, respectively. Estimates for fry survival and weight at 150 days were significant at P < 0.01 while egg hatchability estimates were nonsignificant. Following one generation of full‐sib mating, the calculated effect of inbreeding on the number of live fish and total weight of fish at 150 days of age showed a reduction of 16.1 and 24.4% in female families and 22.1 and 31.4% in male families, respectively. The difference between inbreeding depression estimates derived from male and female half‐sib groups provide a measure of the maternal influence. Generalized trends of increasing depression with increasing levels of inbreeding from F = 0.125 to F = 0.50 were significant for weight at all ages from 77 to 150 days, but were nonsignificant for percent hatchability or percent fry survival. Inbreeding depression estimates for weight are considered to be minimum estimates because higher mortality rates in the inbred families resulted in lower fish density during the rearing period and, therefore, compensatory growth which reduced the weight difference between inbred and outbred families.

Transactions of the American Fisheries Society↗
USGS1976

Retention of mercury in the muscle of yellow perch (Perca flavescens) and rock bass (Ambloplites rupestris)

Mercury‐contaminated yellow perch (Perca flavescens) and rock bass (Ambloplites rupestris) were collected from Lake St. Clair and stocked in two earthern ponds in September 1970. Twenty‐six months later, concentrations of total mercury in the fillets had declined 53% in the yellow perch and 59% in the rock bass; however, the mean weight of the fish increased 88 and 183%, respectively, during the same period. All of the reduction in mercury concentrations was attributable to dilution by growth. Slight discrepancies between the theoretical and observed reduction of mercury concentrations suggest an initial redistribution of residues from other tissues to the muscle and a continued incorporation of background amounts of mercury during growth.

Transactions of the American Fisheries Society↗
USGS1976

Acute toxic effects of two lampricides on twenty-one freshwater invertebrates

We conducted laboratory static bioassays to determine acute toxicity of two lampricides -- a 70% 2-aminoethanol salt of 5,2'dichloro-4'-nitrosalicylanilide (Bayer 73) and a mixture containing 98% 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) and 2% Bayer 73 (TFM-2B) -- to 21 freshwater invertebrates. LC50 values were determined for 24-h exposure periods at 12.8 C. Organisms relatively sensitive to Bayer 73 were a turbellarian ( Dugesia tigrina ), aquatic earthworms ( Tubifex tubifex and Lumbriculus inconstans ), snails (Physa sp.) and ( Pleurocera sp. ), a clam ( Eliptio dilatatus ), blackflies ( Simulium sp. ), leeches ( Erpobdellidae ), and a daphnid ( Daphnia pulex ). The invertebrates most sensitive to TFM-2B were turbellarians, aquatic earthworms ( Tubifex ), snails ( Physa ), blackflies, leeches, and burrowing mayflies ( Hexagenia sp. ). Bayer 73 was generally much more toxic to the test organisms than TFM-2B. At lampricidal concentrations, TFM-2B was more highly selective than Bayer 73 against larval sea lampreys ( Petromyzon marinus ).

Transactions of the American Fisheries Society↗
USGS1976

Physiological response to hooking stress in hatchery and wild rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)

This study evaluated the physiological response of rainbow trout to hooking stress after being played under standardized conditions (0&ndash;5 min) and estimated the time needed for recovery (to 72 h). Plasma osmolality and chloride measurements were used to evaluate osmoregulatory disturbances and gill ion-exchange function, and plasma glucose was used as an index of the generalized nonspecific physiological stress response. Hooking stress caused more severe blood chemistry differences in hatchery fish than in wild trout. Also, hooking stress imposed a greater stress on larger than on smaller hatchery rainbow trout. Higher water temperatures aggravated the delayed hyperglycemia and hyperchloremia in both hatchery and wild trout but only about 3 days were needed for recovery at 4, 10, or 20 C.

Transactions of the American Fisheries Society↗
USGS1977

Age and growth of the walleye in Lake Erie, 1963-1968

Age and length distributions are given for 6,764 walleyes, Stizostedion v. vitreum (Mitchill), sampled during 1963-1968 from commercial landings of walleyes representing discrete populations in the eastern and western basins of Lake Erie. In the eastern basin, where all catches were made with gill nets, age-groups III and IV predominated in samples from large-mesh nets and age-group I in samples from small-mesh nets. In the western basin, where nearly all walleyes were taken in trap nets, age-groups I and II predominated in 1963-1965, and II and III in 1966-1968 (after the legal commercial size limit was raised from 330 to 394 mm). Study of 5,082 walleyes from the two basins showed that at any given age during the first 3 years of life, females were longer than males and, on the average, fish from the western basin were longer than those from the eastern basin. The greatest difference in growth of fish of the same sex for the two basins was apparent at the end of the first year of life, when fish from the eastern basin were only about half as heavy as those from the western basin. After the second year, relative growth in weight of fish in the eastern basin improved: the weight of females exceeded that of females in the western basin by the end of the fourth growing season and the weights of males in the two basins were about equal by the end of the sixth growing season.

Transactions of the American Fisheries Society↗
USGS1977

Three generations of selection for growth rate in fall-spawning rainbow trout

A selection program to improve the growth rate of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) was begun in 1967 with random samples of fall‐spawning fish from the Manchester and Wytheville National Fish Hatcheries. All matings were made as one male to one female, and selection was based on family mean fish weight of the progeny at 147 days post‐fertilization. The selected families in each year class were mated in all combinations at 2 years of age (age II) and 3 years of age (age III). Selection was applied only to the age II progeny. A control group was established in 1971 from the base population and carried through the remaining portion of the study. All families were reared under standardized rearing conditions. During the three cycles of selection studied, mean 147‐day weight of progeny from age II parents increased from 2.02 g in the first generation to 5.28 g in the fourth generation, a gain of 161%. Of the 3.26‐g total gain during the study, net genetic gain in weight from selection was 0.98 g or 30.1%. The rest of the gain (69.9%) resulted from improved rearing conditions. Gains in percentage hatch and percentage fry survival to 147 days were not significant. Differences in the performance of progeny from the age III parents, as compared to that of progeny of age II parents from 1970 to 1974 showed an advantage for the age III parents in all three traits; 6.4% for percentage hatch, 25.0% for percent fry survival, and 22.3% for 147‐day weight.

Transactions of the American Fisheries Society↗