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At least 559 records · Page 31Linked to original sources
USGS2003

Subcellular compartmentalization of Cd and Zn in two bivalves. I. Significance of metal-sensitive fractions (MSF) and biologically detoxified metal (BDM)

Many aspects of metal accumulation in aquatic invertebrates (i.e. toxicity, tolerance and trophic transfer) can be understood by examining the subcellular partitioning of accumulated metal. In this paper, we use a compartmentalization approach to interpret the significance of metal, species and size dependence in the subcellular partitioning of Cd and Zn in the bivalves Macoma balthica and Potamocorbula amurensis . Of special interest is the compartmentalization of metal as metal-sensitive fractions (MSF) (i.e. organelles and heat-sensitive proteins, termed Œenzymes¹ hereafter) and biologically detoxified metal (BDM) (i.e. metallothioneins [MT] and metal-rich granules [MRG]). Clams from San Francisco Bay, CA, were exposed for 14 d to seawater (20” salinity) containing 3.5 µg l -1 Cd and 20.5 µg l -1 Zn, including 109 Cd and 65 Zn as radiotracers. Uptake was followed by 21 d of depuration. The subcellular partitioning of metal within clams was examined following exposure and loss. P. amurensis accumulated ~22x more Cd and ~2x more Zn than M. balthica . MT played an important role in the storage of Cd in P. amurensis , while organelles were the major site of Zn accumulation. In M. balthica , Cd and Zn partitioned similarly, although the pathway of detoxification was metal-specific (MRG for Cd; MRG and MT for Zn). Upon loss, M. balthica depurated ~40% of Cd with Zn being retained; P. amurensis retained Cd and depurated Zn (~40%). During efflux, Cd and Zn concentrations in the MSF compartment of both clams declined with metal either being lost from the animal or being transferred to the BDM compartment. Subcellular compartmentalization was also size-dependent, with the importance of BDM increasing with clam size; MSF decreased accordingly. We hypothesized that progressive retention of metal as BDM (i.e. MRG) with age may lead to size dependency of metal concentrations often observed in some populations of M. balthica .

Marine Ecology Progress Series↗
USGS1903

Drainage modifications in southeastern Ohio and adjacent parts of West Virginia and Kentucky

The field work upon which this paper is based was carried on intermittently for several years. During the season of 1899 the work in Washington County, Ohio, was conducted under the direction of the Ohio State Academy of Science, the expenses being covered by a grant from the Emerson McMillin special research fund. The field work of the season of 1900 was done under the direction of Dr. T. C. Chamberlin, chief of the Division of Pleistocene Geology of the United States Geological Survey, and to him the author is greatly indebted for many valuable suggestions in relation to the work, and for an extended correspondence concerning the interpretations, during the preparation of this report. The study of this particular region was the natural result of earlier studies of drainage modifications in Ohio, in the region more nearly adjacent to the glaciated area. Until a few years ago but very little systematic study of the drainage features of Ohio had been made. It is not intended at present to make a complete review of the early literature, but to refer only to such portions of it as bear directly on the problem in hand. On account of the lack of good maps of Ohio it has not been possible to make the maps which accompany this paper as accurate as might be desired. They have been constructed from various published maps and from personal observations in the field; and, while they are not strictly accurate, it is hoped that they will set forth the facts with reference to the drainage modifications with sufficient clearness to enable anyone to follow the features in the field, or to serve for purposes of correlation. The map of Flatwoods and Teays valleys has been constructed from four topographic sheets of the United States Geological Survey Ironton, Kenova, Huntington, and Charleston. The author is under obligations to Mr. H. M. Wilson, geographer of the Survey, for data furnished from the unpublished map of the Kenova quadrangle. The photographs illustrating the report were all taken by the author.

Kentucky, Ohio, West Virginia↗
USGS2002

38 - Electromagnetic fields generated by earthquakes

Independent knowledge of the physical processes that occur with seismic events can be obtained from observations of electric and magnetic fields generated by these complex processes. During the past few decades, we have seen a remarkable increase in the quality and quantity of electromagnetic (EM) data recorded before and during earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. This paper describes the most significant recent data and the implications these data have for different generating mechanisms. We note that, despite several decades of relatively high quality monitoring, clear demonstration of the existence of precursory EM signals has not been achieved, although causal relations between coseismic magnetic field changes and earthquake stress drops are no longer in question. This paper extends discussions of tectonomagnetism and tectonoelectricity, over the various parts of the electromagnetic spectrum from radio frequencies (RF) to submicrohertz frequencies, that are covered in Johnston (1989, 1997), Park et al. (1993), Park (1996) special journal issues ( Johnston and Parrot, 1989 , 1998; Parrot and Johnston, 1993 ), and books ( Hayakawa and Fujinawa, 1994 ).

International Geophysics↗
USGS1906

Flowing wells and municipal water supplies in the southern portion of the southern peninsula of Michigan

A large amount of data on water supplies was collected by the writer in the course of glacial investigations made under the direction of Prof. T. C. Chamberlin in the last five years in the Southern Peninsula of Michigan. These investigations resulted in a partial acquaintance with conditions in about 200 separate flowing-well districts and brought out matters of such exceptional importance that arrangements were made to extend them by examining each of the flowing-well districts in the State sufficiently to determine its essential characteristics, present state of development, and probable capacity for future development. It was arranged also that the quality of various classes of waters, both surface and underground, as well as water supplies of the cities and villages, should be given attention. As the mineral waters of the State had already been discussed in some detail by the State geologist, Dr. A. C. Lane, in Water-Supply Paper No. 31 of the United States Geological Survey, it was deemed unnecessary to prepare another report on that subject, but arrangements were made with Doctor Lane for embodying in this report the large amount of material which had accumulated at his office relative to other classes of water supply, and also for furnishing reports on certain counties in which special investigations had been carried on by the State survey. The results of all these studies, so far as they apply to the southern counties (see fig. 1), are embodied in the present report; the remainder will appear in a companion report on the middle and northern counties of the Southern Peninsula of Michigan.

Michigan↗
USGS1985

REGIONAL GROUND-WATER-QUALITY NETWORK DESIGN.

This paper describes the approach used in designing a regional network to monitor the complex ground-water-quality conditions in the San Joaquin Valley, California. The actual network approximates the ideal network with the constraint of primarily using wells that are already being monitored by someone for some purpose. Further inventories of monitoring networks and installation of some specialized monitoring wells will be needed. Use of statistical network analysis techniques is also needed to make network improvements. Following these actions, the actual network will more closely approximate the ideal network in providing information on ground-water-quality trends, contaminant sources, prevention of future sources of contamination, monitoring well distributions, sampling frequencies, and constituents to be monitored.

Conference Paper↗
USGS1984

Characteristics of some silver-, and base metal-bearing, epithermal deposits of Mexico and Peru

Introduction Lithotectonic, mineralogical, and geochemical data on two silver- and base metal-bearing deposits from Peru and two from Mexico are compiled to facilitate comparisons with other epithermal deposits. Silver and base metal-bearing deposits of Mexico and Peru constitute an important portion of the world silver production derived from shallow, vein-type deposits hosted in volcanic rocks. Although these deposits are generally similar to epithermal deposits of Nevada and Colorado in the western United States, they have some important differences. Because of this, data on the geological attributes of these deposits are very useful for developing models of ore formation that can be used in mineral exploration. The data collected for this compilation are presented in the following pages in summaries of the important characteristics of each deposit. This compilation, which shows the complexities in the geology of epithermal ore deposits in Mexico and Peru, serves as a basis for further comparisons among epithermal deposits throughout the world. The case studies provide data useful to geologists and exploration!'sts interested in developing models of ore formation to be used in exploration for mineral deposits of this type. The deposits described in this report are the Guanajuato district of Guanajuato, Mexico, the Pachuca-Real del Monte district of Hidalgo, Mexico, the Colqui district of Lima, Peru, and the Julcani district of Huancavelica, Peru. Although many characteristics of the geology and geochemistry of this type of deposit were considered, the most important criterion for choosing these deposits was that they have substantial quantities of precious- and base-metal mineralization. Additional criteria for selecting the deposits were that they be hosted primarily by calc-alkaline volcanic rocks of intermediate to silicic composition and that they be younger than Tertiary in age. Many deposits in Mexico and Peru and other parts of Central and South America were excluded because the literature describing the districts is not readily available. Furthermore, many districts have not been examined in detail or the information available is of limited geological scope. The four districts that are compiled in this report were chosen because they are described in abundant literature dating from early mining reports on the general geology and mineralogy to very recent data on detailed geochemical and mineralogical studies. They were chosen as being fairly typical, classic examples of near-surface, low-temperature vein deposits as described by Lindgren (1928) in his treatise on ore deposits (Mineral deposits, McGraw-Hill, 1049 p.). These deposits are similar in aspects of their geology and geochemistry to many of the famous, epithermal silver mining districts in Colorado and Nevada including Creede, Colorado, Tonapah, Nevada, and the Sunnyside Mine of the Eureka district, Colorado, and, in the special case of Julcani, to Summitville, Colorado, and Goldfield, Nevada. The characteristics that distinguish them include overall size, production and alteration assemblage. The information documented in each summary will be used in a forthcoming series of papers on the comparative anatomy of precious and base metal deposits in North and South America.

Guanajuato, Hidalgo. Huancavelica, Lima↗
USGS1962

Geology and ground water of the Red Lake area, Navajo Indian Reservation, Arizona and New Mexico

The Red Lake area in the Navajo Indian Reservation, Arizona and New Mexico, was studied by the U.S. Geological Survey to determine if 1 mgd (mil- lion gallons per day) of water could be obtained for the requirements of a proposed sawmill. Geologic mapping and stratigraphic studies indicated three favorable areas where ground water may be developed. Test holes were drilled under contract in the areas, and pumping tests indicate that 500,000 gpd (gal- lons per day) is available from alluvium along Tohdildonih Wash near Frog Rock, 100,000 gpd is available from the Shinarump member of the Chinle forma- tion and the De Chelly sandstone near Red Lake, and 800,000 gpd is available from alluvium and cinder beds in lapiUi tuff in Buell Park, an eroded diatreme. The diatreme at Buell Park is about 2% miles in diameter. It was formed by several explosions in which lapilli tuff and cinders were erupted. These materials, together with later basaltic intrusive and extrusive rock, now fill the diatreme. The tuff and cinders are water bearing, 'and they receive re- charge from rainwater and snowmelt moving through overlying alluvium and from storage in the De Chelly sandstone which encloses the east half of the diatreme. The quality of water from all areas is suitable for domestic use. However, special treatment may be necessary to make the water suitable for pulp processing.

Water Supply Paper↗
USGS1907

Flowing wells and municipal water supplies in the middle and northern portions of the southern peninsula of Michigan

A large amount of data on water supplies was collected by the writer in the course of glacial investigations made under the direction of Prof. T. C. Chamberlin in the last five years in the Southern Peninsula of Michigan. These investigations resulted in a partial acquaintance with conditions in about 200 separate flowing-well districts and brought out matters of such exceptional importance that arrangements were made to extend them by examining each of the flowing-well districts in the State sufficiently to determine its essential characteristics, present state of development, and probable capacity for future development. It was arranged also that the quality of various classes of water, both surface and underground, as well as water supplies of, cities and villages, should be given attention. As the mineral waters of the State had already been discussed in some detail by the State geologist, Dr. A. C. Lane, in Water-Supply Paper No. 31 of the United States Geological Survey, it was deemed unnecessary to prepare another report on that subject, but arrangements were made with Doctor Lane for embodying in this report the large amount of material which had accumulated at his office relative to other classes of water supply, and also for furnishing reports on certain counties in which special investigations had been carried on by the State survey. The results of all these studies, so far as they apply to the middle- and northern counties (see fig. 1, on next page), are embodied in the present report; the remainder appears in a companion report on the southern counties of the Southern Peninsula of Michigan.

Michigan↗
USGS1975

Studies for seismic zonation of the San Francisco Bay region

The analyses presented in the preceding six papers show that the geologic setting of the San Francisco Bay region has a dominant influence on potential earthquake hazards. The strong correlation between geologic conditions and the amount of earthquake damage in 1906 emphasizes the importance of this influence and demonstrates the need for seismic zonation. Seismic zonation can provide the logical basis for preparation of special-purpose land-use maps that, with appropriate public policy, would be a significant step toward reducing the currently expected catastrophic effects of another great earthquake (Algermissen, 1972). Seismic zonation requires a set of integrated multidisciplinary predictions about the geologic effects of potential earthquakes. To illustrate a strategy for making such predictions, a demonstration profile has been chosen perpendicular to a segment of the San Andreas fault, along which a magnitude 6.5 earthquake has been postulated. This profile includes a wide variety of geologic conditions and provides a means for application of the analyses presented in the preceding six papers. Earthquake hazards to life and property originate from (1) surface faulting, (2) ground shaking, (3) flooding, (4) liquefaction, and (5) landsliding. The extent to which each of these geologic effects can be predicted for an earthquake of a given magnitude and location depends on the current state of the art. To illustrate techniques and data currently available, each effect is considered for the postulated earthquake. This paper does not provide final estimates for the total earthquake hazard along the demonstration profile. Such an objective would require analysis of individual manmade structures as well as consideration of earthquakes of other sizes and locations. Instead, this paper illustrates the extent to which the above effects can be predicted for an earthquake of this given size and location. Such an analysis demonstrates a methodology for seismic zonation based on available data.

Professional Paper↗
USGS1961

Synopsis of geologic and hydrologic results: Chapter A in Geological Survey research 1961

The Geological Survey is engaged in many different kinds of investigations in the fields of geology and hydrology. These investigations may be grouped into several broad, inter-related categories as follows: (a) Economic geology, including engineering geology (b) Regional geologic mapping, including detailed mapping and stratigraphic studies (c) Resource and topical studies (d) Ground-water studies (e) Surface-water studies (f) Quality-of-water studies (g) Field and laboratory research on geologic and hydrologic processes and principles. The Geological Survey also carries on investigations in its fields of competence for other Federal agencies that do not have the required specialized staffs or scientific facilities. Nearly all the Geological Survey's activities yield new data and principles of value in the development or application of the geologic and hydrologic sciences. The purpose of this report, which consists of 4 chapters, is to present as promptly as possible findings that have come to the fore during the fiscal year 1961 the 12 months ending June 30, 1961. The present volume, chapter A, is a synopsis of the highlights of recent findings of scientific and economic interest. Some of these findings have been published or placed on open file during the year; some are presented in chapters B, C, and D; still others have not been published previously. Only part of the scientific and economic results developed during the year can be presented in this synopsis. Readers who wish more complete or more detailed information should consult the bibliography of reports beginning on page A-156 of this volume, and the collection of short articles presented in the companion chapters as follows: Prof. Paper 424-B Articles 1 to 146 Prof. Paper 424-C Articles 147 to 292 Prof. Paper 424-D Articles 293 to 435 A list of investigations in progress in the Geologic and Water Resources Divisions with the names and addresses of the project leaders is given on pages A-110 to A-155 for those interested in work in progress in various areas or on special topics. During the fiscal year 1961, the services of the Geologic and Water Resources Divisions were utilized, or supported financially in part, by the many Federal and State agencies listed on pages A-106 to A-109. The Geological Survey has also cooperated from time to time with other agencies, and some of the work described in these chapters stems from work of previous years in cooperation with agencies not shown on the list. All cooperating agencies are identified where appropriate in the individual short articles in chapters B, C, and D, and they are mentioned in connection with some of the larger programs summarized in chapter A; because of space limitations, however, their contributions are mentioned in many of the short summary paragraphs contained in chapter A.

Professional Paper↗
USGS1975

An empirical note on firm performance in government contract markets

Public construction and, in particular, highway construction account for a large proportion of the non-defense expenditures by the government. Con- tracts for highway construction are let almost exclusively through a sealed tender process. Competitive bidding is used to encourage price competition. There is, however, a problem in insuring that the bidder is able to deliver the product of specified quality and within a particular time period. Hence, in regulating such markets for product performance the bidding authority may wish to exclude bidders who cannot demonstrate that they are qualified to perform the specified service. In this paper, data from state highway departments are used to indicate the consequences of such exclusive policies in terms of market performance. The results obtained are consistent with traditional theory and present an interesting addition to the more specialized literature on participation of private firms in government markets.

The Journal of Industrial Economics↗
USGS1978

Summary appraisals of the Nation's ground-water resources; Alaska

Alaska has enormous surface-water resources, but many of the streams are frozen for most of the year and most contain glacial silt that makes them unacceptable for human use. These factors lend special significance to ground water as a water-supply source, even though perennially frozen ground (permafrost) profoundly modifies ground-water flow systems in much of Alaska north of the maritime southern coast and southeastern panhandle areas. Frozen ground is a virtually impermeable layer that restricts recharge, discharge, and movement of ground water, acts as a confining layer and limits the volume of unconsolidated deposits and bedrock in which water may be stored. Ground water is an untested resource in most of Alaska, but in many areas potential development of ground water far exceeds current use. Alluvium of major river valleys, such as the Yukon, Tanana, Kuskokwim and Susitna Rivers, probably contains the most extensive aquifers in the State. Large amounts of ground water are also stored in glacial outwash aquifers that underlie coastal basins and valleys, such as those at Kenai and Anchorage in the Cook Inlet lowland. Individual wells yielding more than 1,000 gallons per minute have been developed in the Tanana River valley, Cook Inlet lowland, and the coastal valleys at Seward and Juneau. Comparable yields should be possible in other areas that have similar geohydrologic environments. No major aquifers have been identified in glacial and glaciolacustrine deposits of interior valleys or in deltaic deposits. Major bedrock aquifers have been identified only in carbonate rocks of the Brooks Range and on the north side of the Alaska Range. Springs issuing from the carbonate rocks of the Brooks Range have discharges as great as 16,000 gallons per minute. Most ground-water recharge occurs beneath reaches of stream channels that are losing flow to the ground-water system. Most ground-water discharge also takes place along reaches of stream channels. This discharge augments streamflows during summer and maintains low flows during winter when there is no surface-water runoff. On the basis of a streamflow hydrograph separation technique and using the 60 percent flow-duration value as an indicator of ground-water discharge, it is estimated that 25 percent of the total volume of streamflow in Alaska (exclusive of coastal, maritime environments) is contributed by ground-water discharge. The thawing of frozen ground in the permafrost regions of Alaska causes construction and engineering problems. Disturbance of the ground surface disrupts the natural thermal equilibrium and tends to thaw part of the permafrost. Thawing can cause loss of strength, a decrease in volume, and an increase in erosion potential, particularly if the frozen ground is fine grained and poorly drained. Present deficiencies in the ground-water information base are obvious limiting factors to ground-water development in Alaska. There is a need to extend the ground-water data-collection network and to pursue special research into the quantitative aspects of ground-water hydrology in cold regions, particularly the continuous permafrost zone.

Alaska↗
USGS2022

Ground motion selection for nonlinear response history analyses of concrete dams

Evaluating the seismic performance of a 3D concrete dam using nonlinear response history analysis (NLRHA) requires three orthogonal components of ground acceleration histories, or ground motions (GMs) for brevity. Although much progress has been made for the topic of ground motion selection and modification (GMSM) in the context of multistory buildings, NLRHA of dams requires at least two additional considerations: (i) accounting for multiple modes of vibration and (ii) including three orthogonal components of GMs. To convey the key ideas in developing an ensemble of multicomponent GMs for this context, the fundamentals of GMSM are first briefly reviewed using a case study. Then, special considerations for concrete dams are highlighted. Finally, a practical method for developing target spectra and selecting multicomponent GMs is presented.

Conference Paper↗
USGS2014

Ground‐water problems in Ohio, with special reference to the industrial area of Cincinnati in Butler and Hamilton counties

The importance of ground‐water as a natural resource to be used for water‐supply and industrial purposes is often overlooked by the general public. A recent survey conducted by the Engineering News‐Record [see 1 of “References” at end of paper], based on data obtained from State Sanitary engineers, shows that 9,100 out of a total of 12,700 public water‐supply systems in the United States obtain water from underground sources. Of the total population served by public water‐supplies, about 28 per cent or 22,500,000 people are served by systems using ground‐water. In addition to the quantities of water pumped for public supplies, many million gallons of ground‐water are pumped daily for rural, domestic, and industrial purposes. In many of the cities that have public supplies from surface‐sources, there is nevertheless heavy pumping from private wells for industrial purposes.

Ohio↗