Stock definition as a necessary basis for cooperative management of Great Lakes fish resources
No abstract available.
Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences↗
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Historical evidence for discrete stocks of lake trout ( Salvelinus namaycush ) in Lake Michigan
Although few biological data exist on the now extinct native lake trout, Salvelinus namaycush , of Lake Michigan, historical records and interviews with former commercial fishermen strongly suggest that this once widespread resource was composed of a number of discrete spawning populations or stocks. A natural division of the resource into distinct stocks is consistent with the size of Lake Michigan and its varied physiography. The native trout may have undergone subtle genetic changes over the millennia, although we cannot determine whether the physical and behavioral differences represented different genotypes or only temporary effects of the local environment. Because of physiographic similarities among the upper Great Lakes and probable interchanges of lake trout during the last glacial period, we recommend that progeny of extant wild stocks, particularly from Lake Superior, are genetically most suitable for recolonizing Lake Michigan. Moreover, the hatchery-held parents of such fish should be infused periodically with genes of the wild or feral donor populations. Despite the sound historical basis for these recommendations, we also recognize that sufficiently high stocking rates coupled with a reduction of heavy exploitation may be even more important than heritability in obtaining self-sustaining populations.
Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences↗
Allelic variability in species and stocks of Lake Superior ciscoes (Coregoninae)
Starch gel electrophoresis was used as a means of recognizing species and stocks in Lake Superior Coregonus . Allelic variability at isocitrate dehydrogenase and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase loci was recorded for samples of lake herring ( Coregonus artedii ), bloater ( C. hoyi ), kiyi ( C. kiyi ), and shortjaw cisco ( C. zenithicus ) from five Lake Superior localities. The observed frequencies of genotypes within each subsample did not differ significantly from those expected on the basis of random mating, and suggested that each subsample represented either a random sample from a larger randomly mating population or an independent and isolated subpopulation within which mating was random. Significant contingency X 2 values for comparisons between both localities and species suggested that more than one randomly mating population occurred among the Lake Superior ciscoes, but did not reveal how many such populations there were. In contrast to the genetic results of this study, morphology seems to be a better descriptor of cisco stocks, and identification of cisco stocks and species will still have to be based on morphological criteria until more data are forthcoming. Where several species are sympatric, management should strive to preserve the least abundant. Failure to do so could result in the extinction or depletion of the rarer forms.
Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences↗
Decline of lake herring ( Coregonus artedii ) in Lake Superior: an analysis of the Wisconsin herring fishery, 1936-78
Annual harvests of lake herring ( Coregonus artedii ) in American waters of Lake Superior declined from an average of 2 million kg in 1936–62 to less than 25 000 kg in 1978. Analysis of commercial fishing records revealed that the sequential overexploitation of discrete unit stocks caused the collapse of the herring population in Wisconsin waters. In each of six major spawning areas, catch exceeded the productive capacity of the stock and the stock failed. Because stocks in the six areas were exploited sequentially, mostly in groups of two or three simultaneously, the demise of the stocks was not readily apparent until the last two failed in the early 1960s. After the collapse of the last major spawning stock, the fishery dwindled but may have continued to overexploit the remaining small stocks. The residual populations were apparently able only to replace themselves. Some form of density-independent mortality was apparently operating to prevent their recovery during the 1960s and 1970s. Key words : lake herring, overfishing, Lake Superior
Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences↗
A rapid high-performance liquid-chromatographic method for simultaneously determining the concentrations of TFM and Bayer 73 in water during lampricide treatments
The high-performance liquid-chromatography (HPLC) procedure requires only minutes per sample, is specific, and is relatively sensitive (limit of detection < 0.005 mg/L for both chemicals). A combined buffer (pH 4) and internal standard (3-chlorodiphenylamine) reagent is added to the water sample, which is injected through a Sep Pak C 18 disposable cartridge. The cartridge adsorbs and retains both the lampricides and the internal standard. The quantitative elution of the three chemicals from the cartridge with a small volume of methanol effectively concentrates the sample and provides sample cleanup. The methanol extract is then analyzed directly by HPLC on an MCH 10 reverse phase column by using a methanol:0.01 mol/L acetate buffer (87:13, v:v) as the mobile phase at 2 mL/min and detected by ultraviolet spectrophotometry at 330 (or 254) nm. A microprocessor data system further facilitates the procedure by quantifying off-scale peaks and yielding results directly in units of concentration (mg/L).
Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences↗
Pathogenesis of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus in adult sockeye salmon ( Oncorhynchus nerka )
The concentration of infectious hematopoietic necrosis (IHN) virus was determined in eight organs and two body fluids from each of 60 adult sockeye salmon ( Oncorhynchus nerka ). Included in the sample were 4 males and 56 prespawning, spawning, or spent female fish. All fish were infected, and virus was present in nearly all organs. There was an overall tendency for the mean concentration to increase in many of the organs over time as the fish progressed in ripeness. In prespawning females, IHN virus could be detected in all organs and in ovarian fluid but not in serum; the incidences were highest in the gills, spleen, and pyloric ceca, and the titers were highest in the pyloric ceca and liver. Incidences of infection in the organs were higher in spawning than in prespawning females and higher still in spent females in which the incidence of virus was 100% in all organs except brains (78%) and sera (67%). Virus concentrations in organs or fluids ranged from 5 to 4.0 × 10 9 plaque-forming units per millilitre. In males, the highest incidences of virus were found in gills, pyloric ceca, and liver. The gills were the only organ in which the virus concentration in males exceeded that of females. Key words : infectious hematopoietic necrosis, IHN, fish virus, viral pathogenesis, sockeye salmon
Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences↗
Mortality due to infectious hematopoietic necrosis of sockeye salmon ( Oncorhynchus nerk a) fry in streamside egg incubation boxes
Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus caused mortality of sockeye salmon ( Oncorhynchus nerka ) in streamside egg incubation boxes. Virus was not detectable in eggs or alevins; its first isolation coincided with the appearance of dead fish in a trap on the outflow from the box. Mortality due to the virus did not occur in every egg box studied. However, when fry from the boxes were held in the laboratory, epizootics began as much as 3 wk later, with total mortality exceeding 90%. More than 96% of the dead fry had titers exceeding 10 5 plaque-forming units per gram. The peak incidence of virus in fry migrating in the river coincided with the arrival of hatchery-produced fry, although some fry believed to have been produced by natural spawning were also infected.Englis
Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences↗
[Book review] Microbial Diseases of Fish, edited by R. J. Roberts
Review of: Microbial Diseases of Fish. Edited by R.J. Roberts, Special Publication No. 9 of the Society for General Microbiology. Academic Press, London. 1982. 305 p. $40.50 (U.S.).
Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences↗
Bioavailability of Pb and Zn from mine tailings as indicated by erythrocyte aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALA-D) activity in suckers (Pisces: catostomidae)
The activity of the erythrocyte enzyme δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALA-D) was measured in 35 catostomids (black redhorse, Moxostoma duquesnei ; golden redhorse, M . erythrurum ; northern hogsucker, Hypentelium nigricans ) collected from three sites on a stream contaminated with Pb-, Cd-, and Zn-rich mine tailings and from an uncontaminated site upstream. Enzyme activity was expressed in terms of hemoglobin (Hb), DNA, and protein concentrations; these variables can be determined in the laboratory on once-frozen blood samples. Concentrations of Pb and Zn in blood and of Pb in edible tissues were significantly higher, and ALA-D activity was significantly lower, at all three contaminated sites than upstream. At the most contaminated site, ALA-D activity was 62–67% lower than upstream. Lead concentrations in the edible tissues and in blood were positively correlated ( r = 0.80), whereas ALA-D activity was negatively correlated with Pb in blood ( r = −0.70) and in edible tissues ( r = −0.59). Five statistically significant relations between Pb and Zn in blood and ALA-D activity were determined. The two models that explained the highest percentage (> 74%) of the total variance also included factors related to Hb concentration. All five significant models included negative coefficients for variables that represented Pb in blood and positive coefficients for Zn in blood. The ALA-D assay with results standardized to Hb concentration represents an expedient alternative to the more traditional hematocrit standardization, and the measurement of ALA-D activity by this method can be used to document exposure of fish to environmental Pb.
Missouri↗
Lake Michigan's capacity to support lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) and other salmonines: an estimate based on the status of prey populations in the 1970s
We used a mass balance equation relating total mortality of age II and older alewives ( Alosa pseudoharengus ) to their removals by predatory fish and other sources of mortality as the basis for estimating that the forage base in Lake Michigan could support an additional 13 000 to 21 000  t of lake trout ( Salvelinus namaycush ) or a total lake trout biomass between 15 000 and 23 000  t . This biomass estimate is projected with biomasses of other trout and salmon held at 1979 levels. Major premises of this approach are that (1) the sustained availability of age II and older alewives to salmonines will ultimately limit the expansion of salmonine stocks, (2) the alewife population was oscillating without trend during 1973–80, and (3) additional limited predation on alewives would be compensated by a reduction in natural mortality caused by physiological stress and disease.
Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences↗
Comparisons of spawning areas and times for two runs of chinook salmon ( Oncorhynchus tshawytscha ) in the Kenai River, Alaska
From 1979 to 1982,188 chinook salmon ( Oncorhynchus tshawytscha ) were tagged with radio transmitters to locate spawning areas in the glacial Kenai River, southcentral Alaska. Results confirmed that an early run entered the river in May and June and spawned in tributaries, and a late run entered the river from late June through August and spawned in the main stem. Spawning peaked during August in tributaries influenced by lakes, but during July in other tributaries. Lakes may have increased fall and winter temperatures of downstream waters, enabling successful reproduction for later spawning fish within these tributaries. This hypothesis assumes that hatching and emergence can be completed in a shorter time in lake-influenced waters. The time of upstream migration and spawning (mid- to late August) of the late run is unique among chinook stocks in Cook Inlet. This behavior may have developed only because two large lakes (Kenai and Skilak) directly influence the main-stem Kenai River. If run timing is genetically controlled, and if the various components of the two runs are isolated stocks that have adapted to predictable stream temperatures, there are implications for stock transplantation programs and for any activities of man that alter stream temperatures.
Alaska↗
Book Review: Fish, pathogens and environment in European polyculture
This volume is composed of 24 papers presented at an International Seminar on Fish Health Problems held 23–27 June 1981 at Szarvas, Hungary.
Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences↗
Effects of abundance and water temperature on recruitment and growth of alewife ( Alosa pseudoharengus ) near South Bay, Lake Huron, 1954-82
Analysis of catches in pound nets provided indices of population size (ages 2–6) and of recruitment (ages 4–6) for alewives ( Alosa pseudoharengus ) spawning in South Bay (1954–82). Four hypotheses concerning the effects of stock size and water temperature on growth and recruitment were tested statistically. The number of recruits per spawner was not a function of parental stock size, but was dependent on surface-water temperatures in June and July. Although the size of both males and females at age 3 yr was positively related to surface-water temperatures in the three preceding summers, growth rates were only a function of water temperatures during the second year of growth (age 1). However, growth rates during the first, second, and third years of growth were all related to year-class strength. Thus, population abundance, through recruitment, was determined by an abiotic factor (water temperature), but growth was mostly affected by intraspecific competition for, presumably, food.
Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences↗
Family size and effective population size in a hatchery stock of coho salmon ( Oncorhynchus kisutch )
Means and variances of family size measured in five year-classes of wire-tagged coho salmon ( Oncorhynchus kisutch ) were linearly related. Population effective size was calculated by using estimated means and variances of family size in a 25-yr data set. Although numbers of age 3 adults returning to the hatchery appeared to be large enough to avoid inbreeding problems (the 25-yr mean exceeded 4500), the numbers actually contributing to the hatchery production may be too low. Several strategies are proposed to correct the problem perceived. Argument is given to support the contention that the problem of effective size is fairly general and is not confined to the present study population.
Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences↗
Sequential tests for infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus in individuals and populations of sockeye salmon
The incidence and titer distribution of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus in cavity fluid from spent female sockeye salmon ( Oncorhynchus nerka ) varied little when fish from a naturally spawning population were sampled three times on alternate days. However, when prespawning female sockeye salmon from a second population were individually tagged, penned, and sampled daily, the incidence and proportion of fish with high virus titer rose over a 6-d period. In 10 instances, consecutive cavity fluid samples from the same fish reverted from virus-positive to virus-negative. We suggest that spent fish should be sampled when accurate and quantitative data on the incidence and level of the virus are required.
Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences↗
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for a soluble antigen of Renibacterium salmoninarum , the causative agent for salmonid bacterial kidney disease
A double-antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detection of a soluble fraction of Renibacterium salmoninarum was developed from components extracted from the supernatant of an R . salmoninarum broth culture. The Costar ® Serocluster™ EIA microplate gave the highest absorbance and signal-to-noise ratios among seven types tested. Including Tween 80 in the wash buffer resulted in higher absorbances than Tween 20 when antigen was present. Background absorbance did not increase when Tween 80 was added to the wash buffer, but did when Tween 80 replaced Tween 20 in antigen and conjugate diluents. Adsorption of coating antibody peaked within 4 h at 37 °C and 16 h at 4 °C. Antigen attachment to antibody-coated microplate wells depended more on incubation temperature than duration; we adopted a 3-h incubation at 25 °C. Conjugate incubation for longer than 1 h at 37 °C or 3 h at 25 °C resulted in unacceptable background levels. No cross-reactions resulted from heat-extracted antigens of 10 other species of bacteria. The optimized ELISA is a 6-h test that enables detection of levels of soluble antigen as low as 2–20 ng.
Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences↗
Membrane filtration – Fluorescent antibody staining procedure for detecting and quantifying Renibacterium salmoninarum in coelomic fluid of Chinook Salmon ( Oncorhynchus tshawytscha )
We developed a rapid method for detecting and quantifying the pathogen Renibacterium salmoninarum in coelomic fluid of spring chinook salmon ( Oncorhynchus tshawytscha ) by concentrating the bacteria on 0.2-μm polycarbonate filters and staining them with specific fluorescein-labeled antibody. Centrifugation of samples and resuspension of the sedimented material in phosphate-buffered saline containing Triton X-100 increased the ease of filtration. Background fluorescence was reduced by counterstaining filters with Eriochrome black T. Postfiltration staining, rinsing, and counterstaining were done in the syringe-mounted filter holders, reducing handling of the filters and possible loss of bacteria. The number of bacteria detected by the filtration – fluorescent antibody technique in a broth culture of R . salmoninarum ranged from 6.7 × 10 7 to7.6 × 10 7 /mL and was slightly higher than that determined by plate count (9.6 × 10 6 /mL). Increasing the sample dilution or decreasing the number of microscope fields examined generally increased the variability of filter counts of R . salmoninarum . Using the filtration – fluorescent antibody technique, we detected the bacterium in the coelomic fluid of 85% of spawning female spring chinook salmon sampled from a hatchery population.
Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences↗
Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus detected by separation and incubation of cells from salmonid cavity fluid.
Infectious hematopoietic necrosis (IHN) virus is usually detected by inoculating susceptible cell cultures with cavity ("ovarian") fluid (CF) from spawning females. We identified additional adult carriers of virus in spawning populations of steelhead trout ( Salmo gairdneri ) and sockeye salmon ( Oncorhynchus nerka ) by collecting nonerythrocytic cells from CF samples by low-speed centrifugation, culturing the cells for at least 7 d at 15 °C, and then testing the culture medium for virus. Virus appeared in the cultured cells from some samples of CF that remained negative during incubation. In additional samples of CF from these species, the virus titer increased in cultured cells compared with the titer in the original CF sample. With chinook salmon ( O . tshawytscha ), no negative samples converted to positive during incubation, but the virus titer was retained in incubated CF cells, but not in cell-free CF.
Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences↗