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At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
USGS1950

Progress report on the geology and ground-water hydrology of part of the Oahe Unit, James River Division, South Dakota

The Oahe Unit, in the James River basin in eastern South Dakota, extends for about 100 miles north and south and is 20 to 80 miles wide, having the river as its east border. The Oahe irrigation project is planned to supply water to 750,000 to 1,500,000 acres of the most suitable land within the area. The studies that have been undertaken in the Oahe area by the Ground Water Division of the U. S. Geological Survey form a part of the investigations which are being carried on by several bureaus of the Department of the Interior and other government agencies for the conservation, control and utilization of the water resources of the Missouri River Basin. The field studies on which the present report is based were made during May 1947 through November 1948 and cover about 1,890 square miles in the southern part of the Oahe area. Data were collected on the character of the surficial geological deposits, and on the occurrence, movement, quantity, and quality of the groundwater supplies. The report describes the several water-bearing formations and presents nine typical logs of deep artesian wells. The records of fluctuation of the water table in 168 wells in or near the Oahe area are listed. Tabulated inventory of 3,257 wells and springs includes information on the observation wells and on all other wells that were noted within the area examined.

South Dakota↗
USGS1989

Geochemistry of artificial-recharge tests in the Oakes aquifer near Oakes, southeastern North Dakota

As part of an artificial-recharge feasibility study, water from the James River was introduced into the Oakes aquifer of southeastern North Dakota by infiltration through a recharge basin. Chemical composition of water in the recharge basin and ground water from two separate flow paths beneath the basin was determined from samples taken during two artificial-recharge tests. Changes between recharge-basin water and ground water from the termination of the flow paths during the spring 1987 test included increases in alkalinity, calcium, sodium, and silica and decreases in pH and dissolved oxygen. Interpretation of processes modifying the chemical composition of recharge water was complicated by mixing of recharge water with pre-existing ground water within the Oakes aquifer. In the summer 1987 test, the recharge basin was lined with a decomposing organic mat. The purpose of the organic mat was to sustain large infiltration rates for a longer period of time and to evaluate the effect of a decomposing organic mat on water quality during sustained recharge-basin operation. Larger infiltration rates with the organic mat in place allowed recharge water to reach the termination of the flow paths prior to apparent mixing with pre-existing ground water for a period of as much as approximately 405 hours of recharge-basin operation. Changes between recharge-basin water and ground water from the termination of the flow paths during the summer 1987 organic-mat test included increases in alkalinity, calcium, and silica and decreases in pH, dissolved oxygen, and total organic carbon. Detected changes between recharge-basin water and ground water from the termination of the flow paths were interpreted using a mass-balance geochemical model. Chemical changes of at least 2 milligrams per liter were modeled in terms of reactions, including those due to respiration of micro-organisms, dissolution of carbon dioxide, possible production of organic acids, dissolution of amorphous silica, cation exchange, and dissolution of carbonate minerals. Generation of organic acids within the decomposing organic mat may cause dissolution of dolomite in the subsurface.

Water-Resources Investigations Report↗
USGS1981

Characteristics of central North Dakota wetlands determined from sample aerial photographs and ground study

Wetland characteristics were assessed from a systematic sample of 66 plots, 3.22 km2 each, drawn from a 10,041-km2 study area in central North Dakota. Each plot was visited once and 8 sets of aerial photographs were obtained in 3 years. Density of wetland basins was 11.00 ha/km2, and area averaged 9.7 ha/km2. Seasonal and temporary wetlands were most abundant; semipermanent wetlands occupied the greatest area. Basin size was positively correlated with water permanence. Discriminant function analysis based on size and an index to wetness derived from photographs misclassified 33% of the wetland basins. Forty percent of the wetlands were tilled. Photography of sample plots is potentially useful for determining number of basins and wetland area, but precise classification of plant communities in this region would require ground study.

Wildlife Society Bulletin↗
USGS1979

Plan of study for the northern Great Plains regional aquifer-system analysis in parts of Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Wyoming

The Northern Great Plains, an area of about 250,000 square miles in parts of Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Wyoming, is underlain by an accumulation of sediments eroded from the Black Hills and from mountains to the west. Principal aquifers are areally extensive beds of sandstone within these sedimentary rocks, some at great depths. Anticipated future water needs dictate that available ground-water supplies be evaluated for management of this natural resource. The U.S. Geological Survey has started (1978) a 4-year study of the Northern Great Plains aquifer system. The objective of this study is to define availability and quality of ground water and to predict the effects of using this resource. To achieve this objective, the ground-water system will be described in terms of spatial distribution, hydraulics, geology, and geochemistry. Once described, the ground-water system will be simulated by mathematical models that will be used to define responses of the system to various management alternatives and assumed development patterns.

Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming↗
USGS1971

Thermal study of the Missouri River in North Dakota using infrared imagery

Studies of infrared imagery obtained from aircraft at 305- to 1,524- meter altitudes indicate the feasibility of monitoring thermal changes attributable to the operation of thermal-electric plants and storage reservoirs, as well as natural phenomena such as tributary inflow and ground-water seeps, in large rivers. No identifiable sources of ground-water inflow below t he surface of the river could be found in the imagery. The thermal patterns from the generating plants and the major tri butary inflow are readily apparent in imagery obtained from an altitude of 305 meters. Though the patterns are generally discernible in the imagery from 1,067-meter and 1,524-meter altitudes, there is not sufficient ground resolution to make any but the most general qualitative analyses. The quality of the imagery varied with land-water temperature relations as well as with instrument properties. Portions of the tape-recorded imagery were processed in a color-coded quantization to enhance the displays and to attach quantitative significance to the data. Apparent radiant temperature computations from the 305-meter imagery were generally within l° Celsius of ground-truth data. The study indicates a marked decrease in water temperature in the Missouri River prior to early fall and a moderate increase in temperature in late fall because of the Lake Sakakawea impoundment. At the present time, thermal additions generated by the powerplants have little effect on the temperature regimen of the Missouri River at high rates of river discharge.

North Dakota↗
USGS1961

Geology and occurrence of ground water at Jewel Cave National Monument, South Dakota

Jewel Cave National Monument occupies 2 square miles of a broad plateau of sedimentary rocks in western Custer County, S. Dak., and is at an altitude of about 5,400 feet above mean sea level. The sedimentary rocks that constitute the plateau range in age from Cambrian to Pennsylvanian. Rocks of Silurian and Devonian age are absent. The presence of rocks of Ordovician age has not been established definitely but they may be represented by 10 feet of sandstone directly beneath the Englewood limestone of Mississippian age. The sedimentary formations are underlain by schist of Precambrian age. Study of outcrops in the vicinity of the monument confirms the existence of a fault about 1,500 feet north of the entrance to Jewel Cave. The fault trends generally east-west across the monument and has a displacement of about 120 feet about 1 mile west of the entrance to the cave. The effect of the fault on the occurrence of ground water near the cave is not known. In addition to the spring that furnishes the present (1959) water supply for the facilities at Jewel Cave, three springs outside the monument were visited during the study. Combined yield of the 3 springs is less than 2 gpm (gallons per minute). A single test well indicates that the monument at the well site is underlain by 665 feet of limestone, dolomite, and sandstone of Paleozoic age and an undetermined thickness of quartzbiotite schist of Precambrian age. Pumping tests using a cylinder pump indicate that the test well is capable of producing 15 to 18 gpm for a short time from 2 zones of sandstone below the Englewood limestone. These sandstones are believed to present the best possibilities for development of a permanent water supply at the monument.

South Dakota↗
USGS1993

Ground-water quality at the Management Systems Evaluation Area near Princeton, Minnesota, 1991-92

The northern cornbelt sand-plains Management Systems Evaluation Area (MSEA) program is a multiagency, multistate initiative to evaluate the effects of modified and prevailing farming systems on water quality in a sand-plain area in Minnesota and at satellite areas in North and South Dakota, and Wisconsin. The primary objective of Minnesota MSEA is to evaluate the effects of ridge-tillage practices in a corn and soybean farming system on ground-water quality. The Minnesota MSEA program is a cooperative study primarily between the U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, the University of Minnesota Soil Science Department, and the U.S. Geological Survey. The Minnesota Pollution Control Agency and the Department of Geology and Geophysics at the University of Minnesota are also cooperating in the evaluation of groundwater quality at the MSEA.

Minnesota↗
USGS1985

Small-area snow surveys on the northern plains of North Dakota

Snow-cover data are needed for many facets of hydrology. The variation in snow cover over small areas is the focus of this study. The feasibility of using aerial surveys to obtain information on the snow water equivalent of the snow cover in order to minimize the necessity of labor intensive ground snow surveys was- evaluated. A low-flying aircraft was used to measure attenuations of natural terrestrial gamma radiation by snow cover. Aerial and ground snow surveys of eight 1-mile snow courses and one 4-mile snow course were used in the evaluation, with ground snow surveys used as the base to evaluate aerial data. Each of the 1-mile snow courses consisted of a single land use and all had the same terrain type (plane). The 4-mile snow course consists of a variety of land uses and the same terrain type (plane). Using the aerial snow-survey technique, the snow water equivalent of the 1-mile snow courses was. measured with three passes of the aircraft. Use of more than one pass did not improve the results. The mean absolute difference between the aerial- and ground-measured snow water equivalents for the 1-mile snow courses was 26 percent (0.77 inches). The aerial snow water equivalents determined for the 1-mile snow courses were used to estimate the variations in the snow water equivalents over the 4-mile snow course. The weighted mean absolute difference for the 4-mile snow course was 27 percent (0.8 inches). Variations in snow water equivalents could not be verified adequately by segmenting the aerial snow-survey data because of the uniformity found in the snow cover. On the 4-mile snow coirse, about two-thirds of the aerial snow-survey data agreed with the ground snow-survey data within the accuracy of the aerial technique ( + 0.5 inch of the mean snow water equivalent).

Water-Resources Investigations Report↗
USGS1982

Availability and quality of water from the Dakota aquifer, northwest Iowa

The Dakota aquifer in northwest Iowa consists of sandstones in the Dakota Formation. It underlies most of the study area and is the most extensive source of ground water in the area. Individual sandstone beds are from less than 10 to more than 150 feet thick. The cumulative thickness of sandstone is more than 200 feet throughout much of the area. The aquifer is confined by overlying Cretaceous limestone and shale, Quaternary glacial deposits and loess. The underlying confining material is shale of the Dakota Formation, undifferentiated Paleozoic age rocks, or Precambrian crystalline rock. Water flows through the aquifer from the north-central part of the study area to the east, south and southwest. Recharge is dominantly by infiltration from the land surface through the confining materials. Discharge is to underlying Paleozoic aquifers and to the alluvium and glacial outwash deposits along the Missouri and Big Sioux Rivers in the southwest part of the area. Flow components toward bedrock valleys may reflect discharge to Quaternary sand and gravel deposits in these valleys. Pumping tests conducted in the study area indicate a narrow range of hydraulic conductivities of the Dakota aquifer, from 37 to 50 feet per day. Consequently, an average hydraulic conductivity of 40 feet per day was used to estimate the potential yield to wells completed in the aquifer. Yields of more than 250 gallons per minute can be expected throughout much of the study area and more than 1000 gallons per minute could be produced in some areas. The quality of water from the Dakota is a calcium, magnesium, sulfate type. It is generally suitable for irrigation purposes, based on comparisons of sodium adsorption ratios and electrical conductivities. In some areas the aquifer has water with high salinity hazard that may restrict its use to irrigation of only well drained types of soil. The concentration of radium226 and other radionuclides exceed recommended limits at several sites. The quality of water pumped from the aquifer may be altered by induced leakage from the underlying aquifers in Paleozoic age rocks if withdrawals reverse the pattern of natural flow from the Dakota into the Paleozoic aquifers. Evidence for such a reversal exists in the area around the city of LeMars.

Iowa↗
USGS2014

Measuring and predicting abundance and dynamics of habitat for piping plovers on a large reservoir

Measuring habitat and understanding habitat dynamics have become increasingly important for wildlife conservation. Using remotely-sensed data, we developed procedures to measure breeding habitat abundance for the federally listed piping plover (Charadrius melodus) at Lake Sakakawea, North Dakota, USA. We also developed a model to predict habitat abundance based on past and projected water levels, vegetation colonization rates, and topography. Previous studies define plover habitat as flat areas (<10% slope) with ≤30% obstruction of bare substrate. Compared to ground-based data, remotely-sensed habitat classifications (≤30/>30% bare-substrate obstruction) were 76% correct and omission and commission errors were equal. Due to water level fluctuations, habitat abundance varied markedly among years (1986–2009) ranging from 9 to 5195 ha. The proportion bare substrate declined with the number of years since a contour was inundated until 5 years (&beta; = -0.65, SE = 0.05), then it stabilized near zero, and the decline varied by shoreline segment (5, 50, and 95 percentile were &beta; = -0.19, SE = 0.05, &beta; = -0.63, SE = 0.05, and &beta; = -0.91, SE = 0.05, respectively). Years since inundated predicted habitat abundance well at shoreline segments (R 2 = 0.77), but it predicted better for the whole lake (R 2 = 0.86). The vastness and dynamics of plover habitat on Lake Sakakawea suggest that this is a key area for conservation of this species. Model-based habitat predictions can benefit resource conservation because they can (1) form the basis for a sampling stratification, (2) help allocate monitoring efforts among areas, and (3) help inform management through simulations or what-if scenarios.

North Dakota↗
USGS1995

National Water-Quality Assessment Program: Data collection in the Red River of the North Basin, Minnesota, North Dakota, and South Dakota, 1992-95

A water-quality assessment began in 1991 for the Red River of the North (Red River) Basin as part of a national study. Data collection for the reconnainssance and intensive phases of the study briefly is described for each of the major components (streams, aquatic biology, and ground water) used to assess regional water quality. The data will be analyzed to address national and local water-quality concerns.

Red River of the North basin↗
USGS1983

Water-resources investigations of the U.S. Geological Survey in the Souris-Red Rivers basin in Minnesota, North Dakota, and South Dakota

Information obtained on water resources by Federal and State agencies in the Souris-Red Rivers basin along the Canadian border in the midwestern United States is available for analysis to address flood, drought, and supply problems. It consists of streamflows, ground water measurements, and quality of water determinations. This summary contains locations of data sites; lists of current and past studies with titles, objectives, locations, and dates; and available water resources reports. Listed are 46 projects and investigations; 233 active and 145 inactive streamflow gages; 198 active and 252 inactive surface water quality sites; 457 active and 49 inactive ground water level observation wells, some of which are water quality sampling sites; and 252 reports. Four maps are included as an aid in locating the sites.

Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota↗
USGS1993

Ground-water quality at the Management Systems Evaluation Area (MSEA) near Princeton, Minnesota, 1991

The northern cornbelt sand-plains Management Systems Evaluation Area (MSEA) program is a multiagency, multistate initiative to evaluate the effects of modified and prevailing fanning systems on water quality in a sand-plain area in Minnesota and at satellite areas in North and South Dakota, and Wisconsin (Delin and others, 1992). The primary objective of the northern cornbelt sand-plains MSEA is to evaluate the effects of ridge-tillage practices in a corn and soybean farming system on ground-water quality. The Minnesota MSEA program is a cooperative study primarily between the U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, the University of Minnesota Soil Science Department, and the U.S. Geological Survey. The Minnesota Pollution Control Agency and the Department of Geology and Geophysics at the University of Minnesota are also cooperating in the evaluation of ground-water quality at the MSEA.

Minnesota↗
USGS1949

Progress report on the geology and ground-water hydrology of the Lower Missouri-Souris Unit; Part 1, Crosby-Mohall area, North Dakota

The Crosby-Mohall area covers about 2,700 square miles in the north- western part of North Dakota. This area is included in the 2,500,000-acre Missouri-Souris and Garrison Diversion irrigation projects,which are im portant units in the general plans for development of the water resources of the Missouri River Basin. Although the Crosby-Mohall area lies outside the drainage basin of the Missouri River, plans have been made for the irrigation of about 1,000,0)0 acres (equivalent to 1,560 square miles) of the most suitable land, with water brought by canal from the Missouri River in Montana. The studies that have been undertaken in the area by the Division of Ground Water of the United States Geological Survey form a part of the investigations which have been initiated by the Survey and several other bureaus of the Department of the Interior, especially the Bureau of Reclamation. The studies on which the present report is bas2 were made during the field seasons of 1945, 1946 and 1947, to obtain information on the occurrence, movement, quantity, and quality of the ground water. The report contains data on the several kinds of water-bearing materials, water analyses, and well logs; the records of fluctuation of water level in about 400 wells; and an inventory of 4,636 wells and test holes. Later studies for the whole of the Missouri-Souris Unit will supply additional data on ground-water levels and piezometric surfaces, more extensive information on quality of water, a complete inventory of wells, and further geologic information relating to ground-water supplies. Other work that is planned also includes the drilling of additional test holes and the analysis of water samples from representative wells throughout the area.

North Dakota↗
USGS1995

The interaction of groundwater with prairie pothole wetlands in the Cottonwood Lake area, east-central North Dakota 1979-1990

The interaction of ground water with prairie wetlands in the Cottonwood Lake area has been the focus of research by the U.S. Geological Survey and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service since 1977. During this time, climatic conditions at the site ranged from near the driest to near the wettest of the century. Water levels in wetlands and in water-table wells throughout the study area responded to these changing climate conditions in a variety of ways. The topographically highest wetlands recharged ground water whenever they received water from precipitation. The wetland of principal interest, Wetland P1, which is at an intermediate altitude, received ground-water discharge much of the time, but it also had transpiration-induced seepage from it along parts of its perimeter during all but the wettest year. The large fluctuations of the water table in response to recharge and transpiration reflect the ease with which water moves vertically through the fractured till. Lateral movement of ground water is much slower; pore-water moves vertically through the fractured till. Lateral movement of ground water is much slower; pore-water velocities are generally less than 3 m yr −1 . The water supply to the wetlands is largely from precipitation during fall, winter, and spring. During these periods, precipitation either falls directly on the wetland, or precipitation that falls on the upland runs over frozen soils or saturated soils into the wetland. The average ratio of stage rise to total overwinter precipitation was 2.59 for the 12-year study period. After plants leaf out, precipitation generally results in much lower rises of the wetland water level. The average ratio of stage rise to over-summer precipitation was less than 1.0.

North Dakota↗
USGS2007

Analysis of ground-water flow in the Madison aquifer using fluorescent dyes injected in Spring Creek and Rapid Creek near Rapid City, South Dakota, 2003-04

The Madison aquifer, which contains fractures and solution openings in the Madison Limestone, is used extensively for water supplies for the city of Rapid City and other suburban communities in the Rapid City, S. Dak., area. The 48 square-mile study area includes the west-central and southwest parts of Rapid City and the outcrops of the Madison Limestone extending from south of Spring Creek to north of Rapid Creek. Recharge to the Madison Limestone occurs when streams lose flow as they cross the outcrop. The maximum net loss rate for Spring and Rapid Creek loss zones are 21 and 10 cubic feet per second (ft3/s), respectively. During 2003 and 2004, fluorescent dyes were injected in the Spring and Rapid Creek loss zones to estimate approximate locations of preferential flow paths in the Madison aquifer and to measure the response and transit times at wells and springs. Four injections of about 2 kilograms of fluorescein dye were made in the Spring Creek loss zone during 2003 (sites S1, S2, and S3) and 2004 (site S4). Injection at site S1 was made in streamflow just upstream from the loss zone over a 12-hour period when streamflow was about equal to the maximum loss rate. Injections at sites S2, S3, and S4 were made in specific swallow holes located in the Spring Creek loss zone. Injection at site R1 in 2004 of 3.5 kilograms of Rhodamine WT dye was made in streamflow just upstream from the Rapid Creek loss zone over about a 28-hour period. Selected combinations of 27 wells, 6 springs, and 3 stream sites were monitored with discrete samples following the injections. For injections at sites S1-S3, when Spring Creek streamflow was greater than or equal to 20 ft3/s, fluorescein was detected in samples from five wells that were located as much as about 2 miles from the loss zone. Time to first arrival (injection at site S1) ranged from less than 1 to less than 10 days. The maximum fluorescein concentration (injection at site S1) of 120 micrograms per liter (ug/L) at well CO, which is located adjacent to the loss zone, was similar to the concentration in the stream. Fluorescein arrived at well NON (injection at site S1), which is located about 2 miles northeast of the loss zone, within about 1.6 days, and the maximum concentration was 44 ug/L. For injection at site S4, when streamflow was about 12 ft3/s, fluorescein was detected in samples from six wells and time to first arrival ranged from 0.2 to 16 days. Following injection at site S4 in 2004, the length of time that dye remained in the capture zone of well NON, which is located approximately 2 miles from the loss zone, was almost an order of magnitude greater than in 2003. For injection at site R1, Rhodamine WT was detected at well DRU and spring TI-SP with time to first arrival of about 0.5 and 1.1 days and maximum concentrations of 6.2 and 0.91 ug/L, respectively. Well DRU and spring TI-SP are located near the center of the Rapid Creek loss zone where the creek has a large meander. Measurable concentrations were observed for spring TI-SP as many as 109 days after the dye injection. The direction of a conduit flow path in the Spring Creek area was to the northeast with ground-water velocities that ranged from 770 to 6,500 feet per day. In the Rapid Creek loss zone, a conduit flow path east of the loss zone was not evident from the dye injection.

South Dakota↗
USGS2004

Simulation of runoff and wetland storage in the Hamden and Lonetree watershed sites within the Red River of the North Basin, North Dakota and Minnesota

Re-establishment of wetlands has been promoted by various groups to control future floods in the Red River of the North Basin in North Dakota and Minnesota. Therefore, a study was conducted to simulate runoff and wetland storage in the Hamden and Lonetree watershed sites in the Red River of the North Basin. Data from geographic information system analyses, collected weather data, additional historic weather data, and geomorphology were used in a wetlands hydrologic model to simulate precipitation accumulation, snowmelt, evapotranspiration, soil infiltration, seepage to ground water, surface runoff, and streamflow. Simulated daily mean water volumes for the soil and wetlands in the Hamden and Lonetree watershed sites showed that the soils of the two sites stored as much water as the wetlands throughout most of the simulation period. Total simulated runoff for the Hamden watershed site for the period of record was reduced about 38 percent by increasing the Bisson Lake spillage threshold from 0.009 to 0.60. The additional simulated storage at the larger spillage threshold led to reductions in simulated runoff. Simulated daily mean streamflows for the Hamden watershed site at a Bisson Lake spillage threshold of 0.60 were less than those simulated for the same day at a Bisson Lake spillage threshold of 0.009. However, the peak streamflows simulated for June 2000 and April 2001 at a spillage threshold of 0.60 were about the same as those simulated at a spillage threshold of 0.009. Simulated runoff during flood conditions in April and June 2000 and March and April 2001 was reduced 1 to 6 percent for an increased spillage threshold. Total runoff for the period of record was reduced about 31 percent for the increased spillage threshold. Simulation results indicate total streamflow from a flood event may be reduced by wetland storage, but peak streamflows during a flood event may not be affected substantially.

Scientific Investigations Report↗
USGS1997

Effects of the 1993 flood on water levels and water quality in the Sheyenne Delta Aquifer, southeastern North Dakota, 1993-94

A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of precipitation and flooding on water levels in the Sheyenne Delta aquifer and to evaluate the variations in water quality that are related to the precipitation and flooding. Water-level, streamflow, and water-quality data collected before July 1993 were assumed to be representative of pre-flood conditions, and data collected from July 1993 through May 1994 were used to evaluate the ground-water response. Water levels in 49 wells were measured every 3 weeks, when possible, between November 1993 and May 1994. Water samples were collected from 16 of the wells during November 1993 and March, April, and May 1994 and analyzed for major ions, nutrients, selected trace elements, and pesticides. The water-level and water-quality data collected during the study, along with similar data collected during previous investigations and during the National Water-Quality Assessment study, provided the basis for describing the general characteristics of the hydrology and water quality of the Sheyenne Delta aquifer. Generally, precipitation and flooding affect water levels in the aquifer. The largest water-level rise occurs in low-relief areas, and water subsequently moves down-gradient toward the river. Topography strongly affects the focus of recharge in the aquifer. During high stage in the river, ground-water flow gradients near the river can reverse, and water flows from the river into the aquifer. Water in the Sheyenne Delta aquifer before and after the 1993 flood generally was a calcium bicarbonate type. Little variation exists between pre-flood and post-flood water-quality conditions in the aquifer. Water quality in the aquifer is affected mainly by precipitation, evapotranspiration, inflow from adjacent ground water, and inflow from the Sheyenne River.

Water-Resources Investigations Report↗