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At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
USGS1989

Ground-water data for Michigan 1988

Water levels, locations, depths, and aquifers tapped are given for 112 observation wells. Tabulated data include a listing of ground water reports in Michigan, extremes of water levels for calendar year 1988 and for the period of record, pumpage of most major ground-water users in the State, and water-quality data from selected wells. The two largest municipal users of ground water, were the cities of Lansing and Kalamazoo. In 1988, Lansing pumped 7.8 billion gallons from the Saginaw Formation and glacial deposits and Kalamazoo pumped 7.4 billion gallons from glacial deposits only.

Michigan↗
USGS1978

Computer model of two-dimensional solute transport and dispersion in ground water

This report presents a model that simulates solute transport in flowing ground water. The model is both general and flexible in that it can be applied to a wide range of problem types. It is applicable to one- or two-dimensional problems involving steady-state or transient flow. The model computes changes in concentration over time caused by the processes of convective transport, hydrodynamic dispersion, and mixing (or dilution) from fluid sources. The model assumes that the solute is non-reactive and that gradients of fluid density, viscosity, and temperature do not affect the velocity distribution. However, the aquifer may be heterogeneous and (or) anisotropic. The model couples the ground-water flow equation with the solute-transport equation. The digital computer program uses an alternating-direction implicit procedure to solve a finite-difference approximation to the ground-water flow equation, and it uses the method of characteristics to solve the solute-transport equation. The latter uses a particle- tracking procedure to represent convective transport and a two-step explicit procedure to solve a finite-difference equation that describes the effects of hydrodynamic dispersion, fluid sources and sinks, and divergence of velocity. This explicit procedure has several stability criteria, but the consequent time-step limitations are automatically determined by the program. The report includes a listing of the computer program, which is written in FORTRAN IV and contains about 2,000 lines. The model is based on a rectangular, block-centered, finite difference grid. It allows the specification of any number of injection or withdrawal wells and of spatially varying diffuse recharge or discharge, saturated thickness, transmissivity, boundary conditions, and initial heads and concentrations. The program also permits the designation of up to five nodes as observation points, for which a summary table of head and concentration versus time is printed at the end of the calculations. The data input formats for the model require three data cards and from seven to nine data sets to describe the aquifer properties, boundaries, and stresses. The accuracy of the model was evaluated for two idealized problems for which analytical solutions could be obtained. In the case of one-dimensional flow the agreement was nearly exact, but in the case of plane radial flow a small amount of numerical dispersion occurred. An analysis of several test problems indicates that the error in the mass balance will be generally less than 10 percent. The test problems demonstrated that the accuracy and precision of the numerical solution is sensitive to the initial number of particles placed in each cell and to the size of the time increment, as determined by the stability criteria. Mass balance errors are commonly the greatest during the first several time increments, but tend to decrease and stabilize with time.

Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations↗
USGS2008

Field Techniques for Estimating Water Fluxes Between Surface Water and Ground Water

This report focuses on measuring the flow of water across the interface between surface water and ground water, rather than the hydrogeological or geochemical processes that occur at or near this interface. The methods, however, that use hydrogeological and geochemical evidence to quantify water fluxes are described herein. This material is presented as a guide for those who have to examine the interaction of surface water and ground water. The intent here is that both the overview of the many available methods and the in-depth presentation of specific methods will enable the reader to choose those study approaches that will best meet the requirements of the environments and processes they are investigating, as well as to recognize the merits of using more than one approach. This report is designed to make the reader aware of the breadth of approaches available for the study of the exchange between surface and ground water. To accomplish this, the report is divided into four chapters. Chapter 1 describes many well-documented approaches for defining the flow between surface and ground waters. Subsequent chapters provide an in-depth presentation of particular methods. Chapter 2 focuses on three of the most commonly used methods to either calculate or directly measure flow of water between surface-water bodies and the ground-water domain: (1) measurement of water levels in well networks in combination with measurement of water level in nearby surface water to determine water-level gradients and flow; (2) use of portable piezometers (wells) or hydraulic potentiomanometers to measure hydraulic gradients; and (3) use of seepage meters to measure flow directly. Chapter 3 focuses on describing the techniques involved in conducting water-tracer tests using fluorescent dyes, a method commonly used in the hydrogeologic investigation and characterization of karst aquifers, and in the study of water fluxes in karst terranes. Chapter 4 focuses on heat as a tracer in hydrological investigations of the near-surface environment.

Techniques and Methods↗
USGS1995

Land use and water use in the Antelope Valley, California

Urban land use and water use in the Antelope Valley, California, have increased significantly since development of the valley began in the late 1800's.. Ground water has been a major source of water in this area because of limited local surface-water resources. Ground-water pumpage is reported to have increased from about 29,000 acre-feet in 1919 to about 400,000 acre-feet in the 1950's. Completion of the California Aqueduct to this area in the early 1970's conveyed water from the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, about 400 miles to the north. Declines in groundwater levels and increased costs of electrical power in the 1970's resulted in a reduction in the quantity of ground water that was pumped annually for irrigation uses. Total annual reported ground-water pumpage decreased to a low of about 53,200 acre-feet in 1983 and increased to about 91,700 acre-feet in 1991 as a result of rapid urban development and the 1987-92 drought. This increased urban development, in combination with several years of drought, renewed concern about a possible return to extensive depletion of ground-water storage and increased land subsidence. Increased water demands are expected to continue as a result of increased urban development. Water-demand forecasts in 1980 for the Antelope Valley indicated that total annual water demand by 2020 was expected to be about 250,000 acre-feet, with agricultural demand being about 65 percent of this total. In 1990, total water demand was projected to be about 175,000 acre-feet by 2010; however, agricultural water demand was expected to account for only 37 percent of the total demand. New and existing land- and water-use data were collected and compiled during 1992-93 to identify present and historical land and water uses. In 1993, preliminary forecasts for total water demand by 2010 ranged from about 127,500 to 329,000 acre-feet. These wide-ranging estimates indicate that forecasts can change with time as factors that affect water demand change and different forecasting methods are used. The forecasts using the MWD_MAIN (Metropolitan Water District of Southern California Municipal and Industrial Needs) water-demand forecasting system yielded the largest estimates of water demand. These forecasts were based on projections of population growth and other socioeconomic variables. Initial forecasts using the MWD_MAIN forecasting system commonly are considered "interim" or preliminary. Available historical and future socioeconomic data required for the forecasting system are limited for this area. Decisions on local water-resources demand management may be made by members of the Antelope Valley Water Group and other interested parties based on this report, other studies, their best judgement, and cumulative knowledge of local conditions. Potential water-resource management actions in the Antelope Valley include (1) increasing artificial ground-water recharge when excess local runoff (or imported water supplies) are available; (2) implementing water-conservation best-management practices; and (3) optimizing ground-water pumpage throughout the basin.

Water-Resources Investigations Report↗
USGS1978

Ground-water data on the Hudson River basin, New York

Ground water in the Hudson River basin occurs in unconsolidated deposits and consolidated rock. Sand and gravel units of the unconsolidated deposits, which occur principally in valley bottoms, form the best aquifers and commonly provide well yields of several hundred gallons per minute. Carbonate aquifers are the most productive consolidated rock units. Ground water in the Hudson River basin is generally hard and may contain appreciable amounts of iron, salts in solution, or sulfur locally. Basic data on the availability of ground water in the Hudson River drainage area are compiled in (1) a hydrogeologic map of the drainage basin; (2) a table of well depths, yields, concentrations of selected chemical constituents, and hardness of ground water, listed by county and aquifer type; (3) a short text describing the occurrence of ground water in the basin; and (4) a bibliography of ground-water reports pertinent to the area studied. (Woodard-USGS)

Open-File Report↗
USGS1936

Supplementary report on the ground-water supplies of the Atlantic City region

This report is the second progress report on the ground-water investigations in the Atlantic City region. Many important problems still remain to be solved, however, and it is in no sense a final report. The report covers the area immediately surrounding Atlantic City, extending from Brigantine to Sea Isle City along the coast and from Absecon to Somers Point on the mainland. In addition to this, a few data are presented bearing on the area along the coast as far south as Wildwood. The area lies in the southern part of the New Jersey Coastal Plain, and the water-bearing formations considered are all unconsolidated and of Miocene or more recent age. The major formations in the region dip gently toward the ocean and possibly extend out under the ocean to the edge of the Continental Shelf, about 100 miles from Atlantic City. The principal ground-water supplies in the area are derived from the so-called "800-foot sand," a member of the Kirkwood formation, and from the overlying Cohansey sands. The 800-foot sand is of wide extent and apparently fairly uniform. The Cohansey sands, on the other hand, cover a wide area but are by no means uniform. At the Atlantic City Water Works two Cohansey sands are recognized-the so-called "100-foot" and "200-foot" sands. Neither of these sands can be differentiated from the other sands of the Cohansey formation over a distance greater than 4 or 5 miles in any direction. In addition to the supplies derived from ground water, some surface water is used at present by two of the public water supplies. The quality of the water from all the sources of supply now used is satisfactory. The total consumption of water in the region has increased gradually over the entire period of record, except for a moderate decline from 1929 to 1934. Additional water supplies can be obtained from either of two fairly large streams near the region, and possibly also from a more widespread development of the Cohansey sands. The 800-foot sand should not be counted upon as a source of additional water supply, in view of its liability to salt-water contamination. The same danger also exists in the Cohansey sands on the mainland near the shore, but farther inland it is not a serious menace to the supply from these sands The 100-foot sand at the Atlantic City Water Work has been overdeveloped since 1930, with the result that the head of the water in it has been lowered materially and salt water has been drawn into it through holes in the overlying clay beneath the nearby salt marshes. Three of the five new large-capacity wells drilled to this sand in 1930 have been temporarily or permanently abandoned on account of salt-water intrusion, and the two others will probably have to be abandoned also, unless suitable remedial measures are promptly adopted. It is recommended that the wells to the 100-foot sand be used only when needed to supply the seasonal peak demand and that consideration be given to a project to transform the tidal marshes into a fresh-water pond by means of a suitable dam in order to protect the formation from further contamination. If detailed study proves that the dam and fresh-water pond would not be economically justified, a smaller pond and an embankment and tide gates on the main stream to keep the salt water from flooding the marshes are recommended as less effective but less expensive remedial measures. In view of the experience with the 100-foot sand at the Atlantic City Water Works, it is further recommended that any additional development of the Cohansey sands be preceded by a comprehensive test-well program that will indicate not only the capacity of the sands, but the location of salt water in them and the possibility of its being drawn into existing wells or the proposed new wells. The salt-water intrusion into the 100-foot sand was effectively studied by means of driven-well points, which, it was found, could easily be driven to a depth of about 100 feet. The fact that the screen of these wells was driven with the casing and that no water was used in the drilling process made it possible to collect true samples of water from every sand encountered in them. This, in turn, made it possible to study the vertical distribution of salt water in each well. The interpretation of the vertical distribution of salt water in these wells was very helpful in arriving at a final decision as to the source of the salt water. The 200-foot sand at the Atlantic City Water Works has also been subjected to a considerably increased draft since 1930. Although there is no evidence at present that this sand has been overdeveloped, a study of its characteristics suggests that it may not be capable of yielding permanently the capacity of the present wells that tap it. Three test wells have been installed between the well field and the source from which this sand might derive salt water, and they should be sampled regularly to determine the danger of salt-water intrusion into the sand. In a landward direction this sand merges into the other Cohansey sands. It is therefore advisable that any additional development of the Cohansey sands should be undertaken so far inland that the pumping from it will not affect the present wells to the 200-foot sand and thereby increase the danger of salt-water contamination in them. At present more potable water is taken from the Atlantic City 800-foot sand than from any other source of supply for the region. This sand is the sole source for some of the smaller communities on the barrier beaches. The original static head of the water in it at Atlantic City was between 20 and 25 feet above sea level. The head has been lowered more than 50 feet over much of the region, and in parts of Atlantic City it has been lowered considerably more than 100 feet. A consideration of the principles governing the relation between salt water and fresh water in water-bearing sands indicates that the 800-foot sand probably contained salt water at a distance of 5 or 10 miles out from Atlantic City before any water was pumped from it. The evidence collected in this investigation indicates that the cone of depression created by the pumping from this sand in the Atlantic City region has probably extended inland to the intake area of the sand, the nearest part of which is probably about 40 miles from Atlantic City. If this is so, the conclusion is almost inescapable that it has also extended oceanward for a distance considerably greater than the 5 or 10 miles to the original zone of contact between the fresh and salt waters, and that salt water is probably being drawn toward the Atlantic City region through this sand. The time of its arrival will depend primarily upon the rate of pumping in the region and upon how much of the fresh water that originally lay between the region and the zone of contact must be removed before the salt water can reach the region. It may arrive in the near future if it advances in the form of a narrow tongue. On the other hand, if it advances along a broader front; so that more of the intervening fresh water must be pumped out of the formation, its arrival may be delayed for some time.

New Jersey↗
USGS1987

Texas ground-water quality

This report contains summary information on ground-water quality in one of the 50 States, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, or the Trust Territories of the Pacific Islands, Saipan, Guam, and American Samoa. The material is extracted from the manuscript of the 1986 National Water Summary, and with the exception of the illustrations, which will be reproduced in multi-color in the 1986 National Water Summary, the format and content of this report is identical to the State ground-water-quality descriptions to be published in the 1986 National Water Summary. Release of this information before formal publication in the 1986 National Water Summary permits the earliest access by the public.

Texas↗
USGS1987

Minnesota ground-water quality

This report contains summary information on ground-water quality in one of the 50 States, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, or the Trust Territories of the Pacific Islands, Saipan, Guam, and American Samoa. The material is extracted from the manuscript of the 1986 National Water Summary , and with the exception of the illustrations, which will be reproduced in multi-color in the 1986 National Water Summary , the format and content of this report is identical to the State ground-water-quality descriptions to be published in the 1986 National Water Summary . Release of this information before formal publication in the 1986 National Water Summary permits the earliest access by the public.

Minnesota↗
USGS1987

North Dakota ground-water quality

This report contains summary information on ground-water quality in one of the 50 States, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, or the Trust Territories of the Pacific Islands, Saipan, Guam, and American Samoa. The material is extracted from the manuscript of the 1986 National Water Summary, and with the exception of the illustrations, which will be reproduced in multi-color in the 1986 National Water Summary, the format and content of this report is identical to the State ground-water-quality descriptions to be published in the 1986 National Water Summary. Release of this information before formal publication in the 1986 National Water Summary permits the earliest access by the public.

North Dakota↗
USGS1951

Water law, with special reference to ground water

This report was prepared in July 1950 at the request of the President's Water Resources Policy Commission. It followed the report entitled Water facts in relation to a national water-resources policy," which, in part, has been published as Geological Survey Circular 114 under the title "The water situation in the United States, with special reference to ground water.'' The only changes made in preparing this report for publication as a circular were revision of the sections on Idaho, Indiana, Massachusetts, Montana, New Mexico, Oregon, and Texas, to bring them up to date. This report discusses some of the problems in the field of water law and summarizes briefly the laws providing for the acquiring, of water rights in the different States. The need for consideration of the subject is brought out in Circular 114. In that report it was pointed out that: (1) The use of water in the United States is increasing rapidly and undoubtedly will continue to do so; (2) ground water must meet a large and perhaps an increasing share of our water demands; (3) the full development of the water resources of ever more numerous and larger areas will require manipulation of stream systems and ground-water reservoirs to protect them from overdevelopment or pollution and to increase and maintain their yield of water of good quality; and (4) such manipulation, as well as the protection of existing rights, requires control of water use by means of hydrologically sound statutes.

Circular↗
USGS1994

Selected ground-water information for the Columbia Plateau Regional Aquifer System, Washington and Oregon, 1982-1985; Volume III, Ground-water quality data

The data report presents ground-water information collected and analyzed as part of the U.S. Geological Survey's Columbia Plateau Regional Aquifer-System Analysis Program. The information was gathered from July 1982 through September 1985 in the part of the aquifer system located in central and eastern Washington and north-central and northeastern Oregon. The report consists of three volumes: volume I, geohydrology; volume II, water levels; and volume III, ground-water quality. This volume, III, presents ground-water quality data gathered from about 570 wells during the study.

Open-File Report↗
USGS1997

Digital data sets that describe aquifer characteristics of the alluvial and terrace deposits along the North Canadian River from Canton Lake to Lake Overholser in central Oklahoma

ARC/INFO export and nonproprietary format files This diskette contains digitized aquifer boundaries and maps of of hydraulic conductivity, recharge, and ground-water level elevation contours for the alluvial and terrace deposits along the alluvial and terrace deposits along the North Canadian River from Canton Lake to Lake Overholser in central Oklahoma. Ground water in approximately 400 square miles of Quaternary-age alluvial and terrace aquifer is an important source of water for irrigation, industrial, municipal, stock, and domestic supplies. The aquifer consists of clay, silt, sand, and gravel. Sand-sized sediments dominate the poorly sorted, fine to coarse, unconsolidated quartz grains in the aquifer. The hydraulically connected alluvial and terrace deposits unconformably overlie Permian-age formations. The aquifer is overlain by a layer of wind-blown sand in parts of the area. Most of the lines in the aquifer boundary, hydraulic conductivity, and recharge data sets were extracted from published digital surficial geology data sets based on a scale of 1:250,000. The ground-water elevation contours and some of the lines for the aquifer boundary, hydraulic conductivity, and recharge data sets were digitized from a ground-water modeling report about the aquifer published at a scale of 1:250,000. The hydraulic conductivity values and recharge rates also are from the ground-water modeling report. Ground-water flow models are numerical representations that simplify and aggregate natural systems. Models are not unique; different combinations of aquifer characteristics may produce similar results. Therefore, values of hydraulic conductivity and recharge used in the model and presented in this data set are not precise, but are within a reasonable range when compared to independently collected data.

Oklahoma↗
USGS1996

Bibliography of selected water-resources publications by the U.S. Geological Survey for North Carolina, 1886-1995

More than 660 selected publications, written by scientists, engineers, and technicians of the U.S. Geological Survey during the period 1886-1995, compose the bulk of information about North Carolina?s water resources. The bibliography includes interpretive reports on water resources, ground water, surface water, water quality, and public-water supply and water use, as well as data reports on the same subjects. The interpretive reports are organized by geographic areas of the State. These areas include statewide, physiographic province, major river basin, and county. The data reports are listed by water-resource topic, and the introduction to each topic provides historical notes for data-collection and publication activities. Summary tables list Water-Supply Paper numbers for reports containing ground-water, surface-water, and water-quality data by calendar year or water year. A concluding section discusses the availability of U.S. Geological Survey publications.

North Carolina↗