Results for “Computers and Chemical Engineering” — Page 2

USGS1973

Water resources data for Louisiana, water year 1972

Water-resources data for the 1972 water year for Louisiana, including records of streamflow or reservoir storage at gaging stations, partial-record stations, and miscellaneous sites, and records of water-quality data on the chemical and physical characteristics of surface water are given in this report. Records for a few pertinent gaging stations in bordering States are also included. The records were collected and computed by the Water Resources Division of the U.S. Geological Survey under the direction of Albert N. Cameron, district chief. These data represent that portion of the National Water Data System collected by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating State and federal agencies in Louisiana.

Louisiana↗

USGS1972

Water resources data for Indiana, water year 1971

Water resources data for the 1971 water year for Indiana, including records of streamflow or reservoir storage at gaging stations, partial-record stations, and miscellaneous sites, and records of water-quality data on the chemical and physical characteristics of surface water are given in this report. Records for a few pertinent gaging and water-quality stations in bordering States also are included. The records were collected and computed by the Water Resources Division of the U.S. Geological Survey under the direction of J. L. Cook, district chief. These data represent that portion of the National Water Data System collected by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating State and Federal agencies in Indiana.

Indiana↗

USGS1973

Water resources data for Indiana, water year 1972

Water resources data for the 1972 water year for Indiana, including records of streamflow or reservoir storage at gaging stations, partial-record stations, and miscellaneous sites, and records of water-quality data on the chemical and physical characteristics of surface water are given in this report. Records for a few pertinent gaging and water-quality stations in bordering States also are included. The records were collected and computed by the Water Resources Division of the U.S. Geological Survey under the direction of J. L. Cook, district chief. These data represent that portion of the National Water Data System collected by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating State and Federal agencies in Indiana.

Indiana↗

USGS1971

Water resources data for Indiana, 1970

Water resources data for the 1970 water year for Indiana, including records of streamflow or reservoir storage at gaging stations, partial-record stations, and miscellaneous sites, and records of water-quality data on the chemical and physical characteristics of surface-water are given in this report. Records for a few pertinent gaging and water-quality stations in bordering States also are included. The records were collected and computed by the Water Resources Division of the U.S. Geological Survey under the direction of M. D. Hale, district chief. These data represent that portion of the National Water Data System collected by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating State and Federal agencies in Indiana.

Indiana↗

USGS1978

Progress report on Black Mesa monitoring program; 1977

Monitoring activities of coal mine operations on Black Mesa were started in 1971 for the purpose of monitoring the effects of strip mining on the water resources of the area. Black Mesa is located in northeastern Arizona near the center of the Navajo Indian Reservation and is a prominent topographic high about 500 to 1,000 feet above the surrounding area. Monitoring on and near the mesa consists of measurements of ground-water levels, ground-water quality, and measurements of the quantity, sediment concentration, and chemical quality of surface water. The surface-water monitoring consists of: (1) rainfall-runoff characteristics in the immediate vicinity of the mine, and (2) surface-flow conditions and water-quality characteristics at a site on Moenkopi Wash at the village of Moenkopi. Three small watersheds of about 400 acres each are instrumented for the collection of flow data, precipitation data, and water samples for determination of chemical quality and sediment concentration. Each watershed is equipped with a data-collection platform that transmits the data via satellite to a computer that in turn provides near-real time information on rainfall and runoff. Available data at this time are insufficient to assess the effects of mining on the quantity, sediment concentration, or chemical quality of surface-water runoff. Water levels in seven wells, measured annually, have not shown significant declines. The water levels in some of the other wells in the network have declined as much as 7 feet, and others have fluctuated in response to seasonal pumping by nearby wells.

Arizona↗

USGS2010

PHAST version 2-A program for simulating groundwater flow, solute transport, and multicomponent geochemical reactions

The computer program PHAST (PHREEQC And HST3D) simulates multicomponent, reactive solute transport in three-dimensional saturated groundwater flow systems. PHAST is a versatile groundwater flow and solute-transport simulator with capabilities to model a wide range of equilibrium and kinetic geochemical reactions. The flow and transport calculations are based on a modified version of HST3D that is restricted to constant fluid density and constant temperature. The geochemical reactions are simulated with the geochemical model PHREEQC, which is embedded in PHAST. Major enhancements in PHAST Version 2 allow spatial data to be defined in a combination of map and grid coordinate systems, independent of a specific model grid (without node-by-node input). At run time, aquifer properties are interpolated from the spatial data to the model grid; regridding requires only redefinition of the grid without modification of the spatial data. PHAST is applicable to the study of natural and contaminated groundwater systems at a variety of scales ranging from laboratory experiments to local and regional field scales. PHAST can be used in studies of migration of nutrients, inorganic and organic contaminants, and radionuclides; in projects such as aquifer storage and recovery or engineered remediation; and in investigations of the natural rock/water interactions in aquifers. PHAST is not appropriate for unsaturated-zone flow, multiphase flow, or density-dependent flow. A variety of boundary conditions are available in PHAST to simulate flow and transport, including specified-head, flux (specified-flux), and leaky (head-dependent) conditions, as well as the special cases of rivers, drains, and wells. Chemical reactions in PHAST include (1) homogeneous equilibria using an ion-association or Pitzer specific interaction thermodynamic model; (2) heterogeneous equilibria between the aqueous solution and minerals, ion exchange sites, surface complexation sites, solid solutions, and gases; and (3) kinetic reactions with rates that are a function of solution composition. The aqueous model (elements, chemical reactions, and equilibrium constants), minerals, exchangers, surfaces, gases, kinetic reactants, and rate expressions may be defined or modified by the user. A number of options are available to save results of simulations to output files. The data may be saved in three formats: a format suitable for viewing with a text editor; a format suitable for exporting to spreadsheets and postprocessing programs; and in Hierarchical Data Format (HDF), which is a compressed binary format. Data in the HDF file can be visualized on Windows computers with the program Model Viewer and extracted with the utility program PHASTHDF; both programs are distributed with PHAST.

Techniques and Methods↗

USGS1973

Water resources data for South Carolina, water year 1971

Water resources data for the 1971 water year for South Carolina including records of streamflow or reservoir storage at gaging stations, records of water-quality data on the chemical and physical characteristics of surface water and ground water levels are given in this report. Records for a few pertinent gaging and water-quality stations in the State of Georgia are also included. The records were collected and computed by the Water Resources Division of the U.S. Geological Survey under the direction of J. S. Stallings, district chief. These data represent that portion of the National Water Data System collected by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating State and Federal agencies in South Carolina.

South Carolina↗

USGS1963

Quality of waters in California

The quality-of-water investigations of the U.S. Geological Survey are concerned with the chemical and physical characteristics of surface and ground water supplies of the nation in conjunction with water usage and its availability. The basic records for the 1963 water year for quality of surface waters within the State of California are given in this report. For convenience and interest there are also records for a few water quality stations in bordering states. The data were collected and computed by the Water Resources Division of the U.S. Geological Survey, under the direction of Eugene Brown, district chemist, Quality of Water Branch.

California↗

USGS1972

Water resources data for Maine, water year 1971

Water resources data for the 1971 water year for Maine including records of streamflow or reservoir storage at gaging stations, partial-record stations, and miscellaneous sites, records of water-quality data on the chemical and physical characteristics of surface- and ground-water, and records of ground-water levels in index wells are given in this report. Records for a few pertinent gaging stations in bordering States and Provinces are also included. The records were collected and computed by the Water Resources Division of the U.S. Geological Survey under the direction of G. S. Hayes, District Chief. These data represent that portion of the National Water Data System collected by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating State and Federal agencies in Maine.

Maine↗

USGS1973

Water resources data for Maine, water year 1972

Water resources data for the 1972 water year for Maine including records of streamflow or reservoir storage at gaging stations, partial-record stations, and miscellaneous sites, records of water-quality data on the chemical and physical characteristics of surface- and ground-water, and records of ground-water levels in index wells are given in this report. Records for a few pertinent gaging stations in bordering States and Provinces are also included. The records were collected and computed by the Water Resources Division of the U.S. Geological Survey under the direction of G. S. Hayes, District Chief. These data represent that portion of the National Water Data System collected by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating State and Federal agencies in Maine.

Maine↗

USGS1974

Water resources data for Maine, water year 1973

Water resources data for the 1973 water year for Maine including records of streamflow or reservoir storage at gaging stations, partial-record stations, and miscellaneous sites, records of water-quality data on the chemical and physical characteristics of surface- and ground-water, and records of ground-water levels in index wells are given in this report. Records for a few pertinent gaging stations in bordering States and Provinces are also included. The records were collected and computed by the Water Resources Division of the U.S. Geological Survey under the direction of G. S. Hayes, District Chief. These data represent that portion of the National Water Data System collected by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating State and Federal agencies in Maine.

Maine↗

USGS1982

Projected effects of proposed salinity-control projects on shallow ground water; preliminary results for the upper Brazos River basin, Texas

As part of the plan to control the natural salt pollution in the upper Brazos River basin of Texas, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers recommended construction of three impoundment and retention reservoirs. In connection with the proposed reservoirs, the U.S. Geological Survey was requested to define the existing ground-water conditions in the shallow ground-water system of the area and to project the post-construction effects of the reservoirs on the shallow aquifer, especially in relation to aquifer-head changes but also with respect to possible changes in the chemical quality of the ground water. The Corps of Engineers' plan includes a total impoundment reservoir (Kiowa Peak Lake on North Croton Creek) with more than 170,000 acre-feet of storage at the 100-year average pool altitude of 1,550 feet. Croton Lake (23,000 acrefeet of storage at the 100-year average pool altitude of 1,760 feet) on Croton Creek and Dove Lake (no permanent storage) on Salt Croton Creek are projected to hold salt water for transfer to the large Kiowa Peak Lake. The aquifer in the project area is a shallow water-table system with relatively fresh water (calcium sulfate type), in comparison to the saline streamflow, and contains 2,000 to 5,000 milligrams per liter of dissolved solids. The aquifer consists of Permian rocks with very small permeability and is separated from an even less perneable and deeper brine system (sodium chloride type of up to 200,000 milligrams per liter of dissolved solids) by a thin transition zone. Small quantities of infiltration from precipitation in the drainage area constitute the recharge to the aquifer. Discharge from the aquifer consists of the base flow along creeks; well discharge is negligible. Two-dimensional digital-computer models were developed for aquifer simulation of steady and transient conditions in which the density effects of salt water are considered. The models were used to project the effects of the 100- year impoundment of salt water in Kiowa Peak Lake and Croton Lake on the freshwater system. Rises in aquifer head of 10 to 50 feet are projected only for areas near each dan and along each lake shoreline. The maximum migration of salt water downstream from each dam is projected to be about 1 mile. The modeling efforts in this study did not include the effects of hydrodynamic dispersion nor consideration of possible changes in the hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer due to physical and chemical interactions in the salt-water and fresh-water environments.

Open-File Report↗

USGS1986

Annual summary of ground-water conditions in Arizona, spring 1984 to spring 1985

In arid and semiarid regions such as Arizona, the availability of adequate water supplies has a significant influence on the type and extent of economic development. About two-thirds of the water used in the State is groundwater. The nature and extent of the groundwater reservoirs must be known for proper management of this valuable resource. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the State of Arizona, has conducted a program of groundwater studies in Arizona since 1939. The primary purposes of these studies are to define the amount, location, and quality of the groundwater resources of Arizona and to monitor the effects of large-scale development of the groundwater supplies. The program includes the collection, compilation, and analysis of the geologic and hydrologic data necessary to evaluate the groundwater resources of the State. The basic hydrologic data are in computer storage and are available to the public. Since 1974, a major thrust of the program has been to inventory the groundwater conditions in the 68 groundwater areas of the State. Several selected groundwater areas are studied each year; water levels are measured annually in a statewide observation well network, many groundwater samples are collected and analyzed annually, and groundwater pumpage is computed for most of the areas. As of July 1985, reports had been published for 56 of the 68 groundwater areas. Data collected in the groundwater areas include information on selected wells, water level measurements, and water samples for chemical analysis. The data for each of the selected groundwater areas are analyzed, and the results are published in map form. Typically, the maps show depth to water; change in water levels; altitude of the water level; and quality of water data, such as specific conductance, dissolved solids, and fluoride. (Lantz-PTT)

Arizona↗

USGS2002

Determination of vapor pressures for nonpolar and semipolar organic compounds from gas chromatographic retention data

Vapor pressures for nonpolar and moderately polar organochlorine, pyrethroid, and organophosphate insecticides, phthalate esters, and organophosphate flame retardants were determined by capillary gas chromatography (GC). Organochlorines and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with known liquid-phase vapor pressures (P??L) (standard compounds) were chromatographed along with two reference compounds n-C20 (elcosane) and p,p???-DDT on a 1.0-m-long poly(dimethylsiloxane) bonded-phase (BP-1) column to determine their vapor pressures by GC (P??GC). A plot of log P??L vs log P??GC for standard compounds was made to establish a correlation between measured and literature values, and this correlation was then used to compute P??L of test compounds from their measured P??GC. P??L of seven major components of technical chlordane, endosulfan and its metabolites, ??-hexachlorocyclohexane, mirex, and two components of technical toxaphene were determined by GC. This method provides vapor pressures within a factor of 2 of average literature values for nonpolar compounds, similar to reported interlaboratory precisions of vapor pressure determinations. GC tends to overestimate vapor pressures of moderately polar compounds. ?? 1990 American Chemical Society.

Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data↗

USGS1977

Water resources data for California, water year 1975; Volume 1: Colorado River basin, southern Great Basin from Mexican border to Mono Lake basin, and Pacific Slope basins from Tijuana River to Santa Maria River

Water-resources data for the 1975 water year for California consist of records of streamflow and contents of reservoirs at gaging stations, partial-record stations, and miscellaneous sites; records of water quality including the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of surface and ground water; and records of water levels in selected observation wells. Records for a few pertinent streamflow and water-quality stations in bordering States are also included. The records were collected and computed by the Water Resources Division of the U.S. Geological Survey under the direction of Lee R. Peterson, district chief; Winchell Smith, assistant district chief for hydrologic data; and Leonard N. Jorgensen, chief of the basic data section. These data represent that part of the National Water Data System collected by the Geological Survey and cooperating local, State, and Federal agencies in California.

California↗

USGS1977

Water resources data for California; water year 1975; Volume 2: Pacific Slope basins from Arroyo Grande to Oregon State line except Central Valley

Water-resources data for the 1975 water year for California consist of records of streamflow and contents of reservoirs at gaging stations, partial-record stations, and miscellaneous sites; records of water quality including the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of surface and ground water; and records of water levels in selected observation wells. Records for a few pertinent streamflow and water-quality stations in bordering States are also included. The records were collected and computed by the Water Resources Division of the U.S. Geological Survey under the direction of Lee R. Peterson, district chief; Winchell Smith, assistant district chief for hydrologic data; and Leonard N. Jorgensen, chief of the basic data section. These data represent that part of the National Water Data System collected by the Geological Survey and cooperating local, State, and Federal agencies in California.

California↗

USGS1976

Water resources data for California, water year 1975; Volume 3: Southern Central Valley Basins and The Great Basin from Walker River to Truckee River

Water-resources data for the 1975 water year for California consist of records of streamflow and contents of reservoirs at gaging stations, partial-record stations, and miscellaneous sites; records of water quality including the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of surface and ground water; and records of water levels in selected observation wells. Records for a few pertinent streamflow and water-quality stations in bordering States are also included. The records were collected and computed by the Water Resources Division of the U.S. Geological Survey under the direction of Lee R. Peterson, district chief; Winchell Smith, assistant district chief for hydrologic data; and Leonard N. Jorgensen, chief of the basic data section. These data represent that part of the National Water Data System collected by the Geological Survey and cooperating local, State, and Federal agencies in California.

California↗

USGS1977

Water resources data for California, water year 1975; Volume 4: Northern Central Valley basins and the Great Basin from Honey Lake basin to Oregon state line

Water-resources data for the 1975 water year for California consist of records of streamflow and contents of reservoirs at gaging stations, partial-record stations, and miscellaneous sites; records of water quality including the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of surface and ground water; and records of water levels in selected observation wells. Records for a few pertinent streamflow and water-quality stations in bordering States are also included. The records were collected and computed by the Water Resources Division of the U.S. Geological Survey under the direction of Lee R. Peterson, district chief; Winchell Smith, assistant district chief for hydrologic data; and Leonard N. Jorgensen, chief of the basic data section. These data represent that part of the National Water Data System collected by the Geological Survey and cooperating local, State, and Federal agencies in California.

California↗