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At least 343 records · Page 19Linked to original sources
USGS2014

Origin of the Ayer granodiorite in the Lowell area, Massachusetts

The elongate stock of Ayer granodiorite exposed north and west of Lowell, Massachusetts, is reasonably typical of the many bodies of granitic rocks in the central and north‐central parts of the State. It lies within a terrane composed predominantly of steeply tilted, thinly inter bedded quartzite and biotite schist, and many of its structural relations superficially suggest for it a metasomatic origin, involving the quiet replacement of preexisting bedded and foliated rocks by invading fluids of magmatic derivation. The elongation of the stock and a distinct foliation characteristic of the granodiorite itself are both essentially conformable with country‐rock structure, and the contacts, wherever seen, also appear to be concordant. This general parallelism is further emphasized by a consistent orientation of numerous tabular inclusions, the edges of most of which have been obscured by reaction with the igneous material. Moreover, apparent transitions from country‐rock into granodiorite in a direction parallel to their structural trends occur at several places. Dikes and lenses of pegmatite are abundant within and adjacent to the granodiorite body.

Massachusetts↗
USGS2014

Report of committee on the chemistry of natural waters, 1941–42

The membership of the Committee during the past year was as follows: I. A. Dennison, National Bureau of Standards; C S. Howard (Chairman), Geological Survey; C. S. Scofield, Department of Agriculture; D. G. Thompson, Geological Survey; and T. G. Thompson, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington. SCOFIELD has continued his studies in connection with the salt balance in irrigated areas and has made progress‐reports to interested parties concerning the salt balance on the El Paso Project, Wapato Project, and the Yuma Project. These studies are of great interest to those responsible for the operation of the projects and should be of considerable value to other projects in indicating the volumes of water that may be necessary under certain conditions to insure proper drainage of the project.

Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union↗
USGS2014

Report of Committee on Underground Waters, 1941–42

So many ground‐water hydrologists are engaged on problems relating directly to the war that the usual annual inquiry for information as to projects that deserve review in the annual report of the Committee on Underground Waters brought relatively little response. It is in part for this reason, but also in part because the Chairman of the Committee is busy on war problems, that this report is shorter than usual.

Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union↗
USGS2014

Quality of stored water available for use in the lower basin of the Pecos River, Texas

Storage of water in reservoir s may be for (1) irrigation, (2) power‐generation sometimes in connection with releases for irrigation, (3) flood‐control, (4) recreation, or combinations of these four uses. The control of releases of the stored water may involve conflicts of interests as to the best use of the available supply.

Texas, New Mexico↗
USGS2014

Monthly evapo‐transpiration losses from natural drainage‐basin

With limited restrictions the hydrologic cycle in a given area may be expressed essentially as follows: P = (R + E + ΔFm) in which P represents the precipitation during a given period, R that portion which has reached or will reach the stream‐channel either through surface or subsurface paths, E that part which is evaporated from land and water surfaces and transpired by vegetation during the same period, and ΔFm the change in field‐moisture content during the period. In general both E and Fm are unknown. When the period of time considered in the above expression is long, ΔFm may be neglected and then the evapo‐transpiration losses equal the difference between P (rainfall) and R (runoff) [see 1 of “References” at end of paper]; on the other hand, when the period of time considered is short and considerable rain has fallen then E may be neglected and ΔFm equals the difference between P and R represents water stored as an increment to field‐moisture to be disposed of by evapo‐transpiration during subsequent rainless periods [2].

Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union↗
USGS2014

Hydraulic criteria for sand‐waves

Sand‐waves on rivers are rhythmic successions of waves which occur at flood‐stages of streams heavily loaded with sediments. They take their name from the fact that sand and associated silts and gravels form a large part of the load transported by a river at such times. They seem to be peculiar to the Southwest and many vivid descriptions of them can be found in the literature of that region. R. C. PIERCE [see 1 of “References” at end of paper[, who observed many sand‐waves on the San Juan River in Utah, has described them as resembling in appearance “the waves thrown up by a stern‐wheel river steamboat.” He further describes their appearances as follows: “The sand‐waves are not continuous, but follow a rhythmic movement. At one moment the stream is running smoothly for a distance of perhaps several hundred yards. Then suddenly a number of waves, usually from six to ten, appear. They reach their full size in a few seconds, flow for perhaps two or three minutes, then suddenly disappear. Often, for perhaps half a minute before disappearing, the crests of the waves go through a combing movement, accompanied by a roaring sound. On first appearance it seems that the wave‐forms occupy fixed positions, but by watching them closely it is seen that they move slowly upstream. In the narrow parts of the stream the waves may reach nearly the width of the river, but in the wider parts they occupy smaller proportional widths. Usually they are at right‐angles to the axis of the stream, but at some places, particularly in the wider parts of the river, they may suddenly assume a diagonal position, moving rather rapidly across the stream in the direction toward which the upstream side of the wave has turned.” Many such descriptions may be found which in the main bear out PIERCE'S account, varying, however, as to size of wave, rate, and sometimes as to direction of movement.

Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union↗
USGS2014

Sediment loads in the Moore Creek drainage‐basin, Idaho 1939–40

The Boise River Project in southwestern Idaho comprises an area of about 333,000 acres of highly developed agricultural land. Precipitation in the irrigated valley averages about ten inches a year which is too low to support any but desert vegetation. Water for irrigation during the growing season is obtained from Arrowrock Reservoir located on the Boise River four miles above Moore Creek, and from Deer Flat Reservoir near Nampa. The deposition of sediment in the river‐channel, in irrigation‐canals, and in farm‐laterals has interfered with the normal operation of the irrigation‐system and has occasionally required the expenditure of considerable time and money for removal of the deposited material.

Idaho↗
USGS2014

Helvite, a product of magmatic emanations at Iron Mountain, Sierra Socorro Counties, New Mexico

The recent discovery of the widespread occurrence of helvite, a beryllium‐bearing mineral, at Iron Mountain, New Mexico, has aroused interest in the commercial possibilities of a mineral which heretofore has been considered to have only scientific significance. Helvite contains about 13 per cent beryllium oxide as compared with five to ten per cent beryllium oxide in the mineral, beryl, which at present is the principal source of commercial beryllium. Helvite is consistently distributed, though sparingly in some places, through great masses of contact‐metamorphic rock at Iron Mountain and, therefore, provides great hope for the future when the metallurgical problems have been solved and large‐tonnage, low‐grade ore can be utilized.

New Mexico↗
USGS2014

The nickel deposits of Yakobi Island, southeastern Alaska

Some of the large, low‐grade nickel‐copper deposits of Bohemia Basin, Yakobi Island, south‐eastern Alaska, which previously had been mapped and studied by the United States Geological Survey, were explored during parts of 1941 and 1942 by the United States Bureau of Mines. The Gealogical Survey interpreted the geologic features of the deposits as revealed by the work of the Bureau of Mines. The explorations were made largely by diamond‐drilling. The three deposits most extensively tested are arranged around a small valley.

Alaska↗
USGS2014

Flowage and recrystallization in paleozoic quartzites

The lower limit of visible traces of penetrative movement in quartz‐rich rocks can be defined by studies of orientations and mutual relations of grains. Intensity of deformation in the central Appalachians decreases gradually from the crystalline Piedmont toward the north, northwest, and west perpendicular to the regional trend. The author has attempted to determine the limits of visible deformation geographically and stratigraphically.

Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union↗
USGS2014

Report of Committee on Glaciers, 1942–43

The personnel of the Committee at present is as follows: Harry Fielding Reid, Professor Emeritus of Geology, Johns Hopkins University, 608 Cathedral Street, Baltimore, Maryland William H. Hobbs, Professor Emeritus of Geology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan Colonel Lawrence Martin, Chief, Division of Maps, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. James E. Church, Professor of Meteorology and President, International Commission of Snow and Glaciers, Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada First Lieutenant William Osgood Field, Jr., home address, 18 West Twelfth Street, New York City Oliver Kehrlein, Chairman, Committee on Glacier Studies, Sierra Club, 1050 Mills Tower, San Francisco, California Kenneth N. Phillips, Associate Hydraulic Engineer, Water Resources Branch, Geological Survey, Chairman, Research Committee of the Masamas, 606 Post‐Office Building, Portland, Oregon William S. Cooper, Professor of Botany, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota Lieutenant Colonel Gerald FitzGerald, Army Air Corps, Washington, D.C. Laurence M. Gould, Professor of Geology, Carleton College, Northfield, Minnesota Arthur Johnson, Hydraulic Engineer, Conservation Branch, Geological Survey, 1105 Washington Building, Tacoma, Washington François E. Matthes (Chairman), Senior Geologist, Section of Glacial Geology, Geological Survey, Washington, D.C. The Committee is fortunate in having its membership reinforced by the addition of ARTHUR JOHNSON, who for several years has had charge of the repetitive plane‐table surveys of the lower Nisqually Glacier, on Mount Rainier—a project which the Geological Survey is carrying on in cooperation with the city of Tacoma, Washington. To him the Committee is indebted for data concerning the losses in volume of ice which the Nisqually Glacier is sustaining from year to year.

Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union↗
USGS2014

Appendix C—Report on research in the field of ground water being conducted by oil companies

In view of the shortness of time since the appointment of the writer to the Committee on Ground Water this report is confined to the technology and problems in the Gulf Coast Oil Province. Of course, many of the methods and practices would apply to most parts of the country however, some would differ materially from one region to another. The writer wishes to acknowledge the suggestions and comments by F. H. LAHEE and PAUL WEAVER. Having been stationed in Houston, Texas, in the heart of the Gulf Coast Area for four and a half years, the writer has had an opportunity to view the great similarity of the problems confronting the petroleum geologist and engineer and the ground‐water hydrologist. Both groups deal with the accumulation, movement, and withdrawal of fluid from underground strata, yet each group is content to study its own literature and use its own terminology without much concern for the other. The petroleum and ground‐water engineer, independently of one another, have developed mathematical formulas for the determination of permeability from field‐data. These formulas use the same basic principles of physics and the initial papers on the subject by both groups were published within two years of one another. Because of the similarity in the technology and problems of the petroleum engineer and the ground‐water hydrologist there is a definite need for closer cooperation. Some of the problems are so closely related that their solution rests in cooperative studies.

Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union↗
USGS2014

Report of Committee on Runoff, 1942–43

The Committee on Runoff was not formally constituted until February 6, 1943, when the members of the Section, as listed above, were asked to serve. At the suggestion of President CHURCH the Committee has been so selected that there is Nation‐wide geographic distribution from West to East with the majority of the Committee composed of younger men. If the 33 papers prepared for discussion at the regular sessions of the Section of Hydrology at the annual meeting of 1943 can be used as a measure, war instead of curtailing the activities of the Section has acted as an impetus. Also in the field of hydrology as a whole, war activities have apparently not resulted in a decrease of activities. There has been, however, a gradual decrease of activities in the field of research and an increase of activities in the field of applied hydrology. The enormous expansion of our industrial machine and the great concentration of armies and industrial workers into restricted areas; the demands for water, for power, for food and for municipal use; and operations underlying many of our war efforts, secret and otherwise—all these have created problems requiring the full‐time effort of hydrologists, both in private and governmental service. It is with some degree of satisfaction that each one of us can feel that either as a result of our past research or in our present positions we have been or are doing our bit to win the war.

Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union↗
USGS2014

A method for determining transmissibility‐ and storage‐coefficients by tests of multiple well‐systems

Ground‐water has long been recognized as one of our important natural resources, but only in about the last 20 years has concentrated effort been made to place ground‐water hydrology on a quantitative basis. The quantitative approach to ground‐water work has been brought about largely through the leadership of O. E. MEINZER, Chief of the Ground‐Water Division of the Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior, who has originated and applied many quantitative methods himself, and who has consistently fostered and encouraged this method of attack by his coworkers. That this effort has been ably directed and especially fruitful Is shown by the vast number of important ground‐water problems relating to the water‐supplies for war activities that have been worked out by means of quantitative methods in the last few years.

Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union↗
USGS2014

Correlation of ground‐water levels and precipitation on Long Island, New York

Long Island simulates in a general way an aquifer in the form of an infinite strip confined between parallel boundaries at constant head (sea‐level), over which recharge precipitation is assumedly uniform. The non‐steady flow of water in this idealized system is analyzed assuming provisionally that the effective thickness of saturated beds below sea‐level is great compared to the maximum height of the water‐table above sea‐level. The rate of accretion to the water‐table is assumed to vary discontinuously, supposedly being constant for each of the successive periods (yearly or monthly) and proportional to the average rate of precipitation during that period. The decay of the water‐table profile, beginning with any one of the succession of super‐posed non‐steady states, is shown to follow in general a relation composed of terms varying with time as exp(−t/t o ) in which t o is a function of the effective porosity, the thickness and the transmission‐constant of the aquifer. This exponential curve may be approximated by a parabola which is used to determine values of “effective average rate of precipitation” from published records in annual or monthly precipitation. By the “effective average rate of precipitation” at any time is meant that rate of precipitation which, had it been maintained uninterruptedly throughout the past, would have produced the same water‐table profile as actually existed at that particular time. It is demonstrated that fee effective average rate of precipitation may be determined also simply by cumulating departures from progressive averages of precipitation, multiplying the values thus determined by a known rational coefficient, and adding the appropriate initial value of effective average precipitation.

New York↗
USGS2014

A frequency‐method of evaluating ground‐water levels

Water‐levels in wells, which are utilized by the hydrologist as a measure of ground‐water storage, customarily are measured in terms of distance below a convenient measuring point and expressed with reference to a fixed datum. Datum‐planes or surfaces of several types have been used—each serving some particular purpose advantageously. These include: “Planes” of regional extent, such as mean sea‐level; irregular surfaces defining a particular hydrologic condition, such as low‐water level (if known) or the water‐level on some particular date; and local reference‐planes at each observation‐well, such as a horizontal plane through the measuring point or at the average height of the land‐surface. Recently the Geological Survey has considered the standard use of a land‐surface datum, precisely defined for each observation‐well. This procedure has the practical advantage that the water‐levels can be recorded in final form as soon as the initial measurement is made, without leveling to establish a regional datum or waiting to accumulate sufficient data for defining a particular hydrologic condition.

Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union↗
USGS2014

Differences in basin‐characteristics as reflected by precipitation‐runoff relations in San Bernardino and Eastern San Gabriel Mountain drainages

In interpretation and use of basic hydrological data as basis for planning any public works for conservation or control of water, there is great need for a careful and thorough analysis of the precipitation‐runoff relations. Moreover, when such relations may have been worked out for one particular basin, experience has shown that extreme caution must be used in any attempt to apply these relations to another basin even though superficially the latter may appear to be comparable with respect to physiography, meteorological conditions, and all of the other elements which contributed to the relations established for the first basin.

California↗