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At least 307 records · Page 17Linked to original sources
USGS1974

Serological diagnosis of corynebacterial kidney disease of salmonids

An immunodiffusion test is described which provides a rapid, sensitive, and definitive diagnosis of corynebacterial kidney disease of salmonid fishes. Specific precipitin lines are formed within 24 h when rabbit antiserum is reacted with kidney disease cell suspensions or internal tissue homogenates containing the specific bacterium. No precipitin lines are formed with tissue homogenates from healthy fish or from those injected with other fish pathogenic bacteria.

Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada↗
USGS1975

Amino acid supplementation of casein in diets of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fry and of soybean meal for rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) fingerlings

Fry of Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar ) fed a diet containing isolated fish protein grew significantly faster than those fed a diet containing casein without supplemental amino acids, and had improved feed conversion and lower mortality. Supplementing the casein diet with essential amino acids to the levels in the isolated fish protein diet significantly increased growth rate, reduced mortality, and improved feed conversion.When fingerling rainbow trout ( S . gairdneri ) were fed diets containing soybean meal as the sole source of protein, additions of amino acids to simulate those levels of essential amino acids in trout eggs and isolated fish protein significantly improved growth. Additions of methionine, lysine, histidine, and leucine individually and in several combinations had no effect.

Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada↗
USGS1975

Life histories and abundance of crustacean zooplankton in the outlet of Lake Superior, 1971-72

In sampling throughout a year, at about 3-wk intervals, of the crustacean zooplankton discharged from Lake Superior through the St. Marys River, 30 species were collected, including three not previously recorded for the lake: the copepod Cyclops strenuus , and the cladocerans Alona costata and Alonella acutirostris . Five copepods, Cyclops bicuspidatus thomasi , Diaptomus ashlandi , D . sicilis , Limnocalanus macrurus , and Senecella calanoides were present in the plankton throughout the year while three other copepods, Diaptomus minutus , Epischura lacustris , and Mesocyclops edax , along with all cladocerans, were present only during summer and fall. Five species of copepods, Diaptomus sicilis , D . minutus , Limnocalanus macrurus , Senecella calanoides , and Epischura lacustris produced a single generation annually; three other copepods and all cladocerans produced two or more generations. All species breed 1–3 mo later in Lake Superior than in lakes Michigan and Erie.

Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada↗
USGS1975

Statistical methods for estimating normal blood chemistry ranges and variance in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri), Shasta Strain

Gaussian and nonparametric (percentile estimate and tolerance interval) statistical methods were used to estimate normal ranges for blood chemistry (bicarbonate, bilirubin, calcium, hematocrit, hemoglobin, magnesium, mean cell hemoglobin concentration, osmolality, inorganic phosphorus, and pH for juvenile rainbow ( Salmo gairdneri , Shasta strain) trout held under defined environmental conditions. The percentile estimate and Gaussian methods gave similar normal ranges, whereas the tolerance interval method gave consistently wider ranges for all blood variables except hemoglobin. If the underlying frequency distribution is unknown, the percentile estimate procedure would be the method of choice.

Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada↗
USGS1975

Effects of pH on toxicity of antimycin to fish

Detoxification of antimycin at pH 9.5 was caused by two factors. The piscicide was biologically unavailable at the high pH, and this unavailability was reversed by decreasing the pH of water solutions. Simultaneously antimycin detoxified with time, and the resulting loss in toxicity was irreversible. The toxicity of antimycin was related to the amount of un-ionized molecules; however, the dissociation curve resulting from the published pKa of 5.1 does not agree with the implied dissociation when based on toxicity. Toxicity of antimycin decreased gradually from pH 6.5 to 8.5 and abruptly from 8.5 to 9.5 with carp ( Cyprinus carpio ), green sunfish ( Lepomis cyanellus ), and bluegill ( Lepomis macrochirus ). As previously suggested, water hardness had little or no effect on toxicity.

Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada↗
USGS1975

Bacterial diseases of fishes: Diagnostic procedures for gram-negative pathogens

A diagnostic scheme employing 10 media, 4 reagents, and 5 specific antiserums has been devised for identification of gram-negative pathogens of fishes. The scheme is not intended for detailed speciation of organisms, but for generic identification of organisms associated with infected fishes. Diagnosis can be accomplished in 24 h with selective media and antiserums, and in no more than 72 h with other media and reagents.

Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada↗
USGS1975

Phoma herbarum , a fungal plant saprophyte, as a fish pathogen

Phoma herbarum , a fungal plant saprophyte, was isolated from diseased hatchery-reared coho salmon ( Oncorhynchus kisutch ), chinook salmon ( O . tshawytscha ), and rainbow trout ( Salmo gairdneri ). The disease was observed at 10 national fish hatcheries in Washington and Oregon, but the low incidence of experimental infections indicate that it is only weakly contagious. Histopathological examination suggests that the air bladder is one of the primary organs infected. The visceral organs are also affected in both natural and experimental infections.

Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada↗
USGS1975

Environmental factors affecting the strength of walleye ( Stizostedion vitreum vitreum ) year-classes in western Lake Erie, 1960-70

Commercial production of walleyes ( Stizostedion vitreum vitreum ) from western Lake Erie declined from 5.9 million pounds in 1956 to 140,000 pounds by 1969. Since 1956, marked irregularity in year-class success has developed. Only four year-classes were considered good during 1959–70. The rate and regularity of water warming during the spring spawning and incubation periods in 1960–70 had a positive effect on the density of egg deposits and the resulting year-class strength. Rates of warming were not themselves detrimental, but rather the extended length of the incubation period in cool springs increased the exposure of eggs to such negative influences as dislodgment from the spawning reefs by strong current action generated by spring storms, or siltation and low oxygen tensions. The annual brood stock size had much less influence on year-class strength than did water temperature. Reproductive success was unrelated to fluctuations in size of suitable reef spawning area caused by changes in water level. Apparently the usable spawning area at any water level is more than adequate to serve the limited walleye brood stocks.

Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada↗
USGS1975

Renal excretion in coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) after acute exposure to 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol

Coho salmon ( Oncorhynchus kisutch ) exposed to an acute, sublethal concentration of 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) exhibited an increased output of urine when compared with controls, but the urinary excretion of Na, K, Ca, Mg, and Cl was not affected. About 35 times more conjugated TFM than free TFM was excreted during the 24-h study period.

Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada↗
USGS1975

Dieldrin in the diet of channel catfish ( Ictalurus punctatus ): uptake and effect on growth

Fingerling channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) were given diets containing 0, 0.4, 0.8, or 4.0 I?g dieldrin/g of food (dry weight) for 210 days, followed by a dieldrin-free diet for 56 days. Catfish receiving 4.0 I?g dieldrin/g food gained about 17% less weight than the control fish in 210 days and about 35% less weight during the last 126 days of the 210-day period. No growth differences were attributable to the ingestion of 0.4 or 0.8 I?g dieldrin/g of feed. Mortality during the experiment was random and not appreciable. Dieldrin accumulations were characterized by an immediate rapid rise of residue levels in the tissues, followed by a period during which concentrations were relatively stable. Residues in tissues decreased rapidly after dieldrin was withdrawn from the diet. Dieldrin half-life was 9.6 days (mean for the three groups). Theoretical residue concentrations calculated from the growth, feeding, and half-life data were similar to the empirical concentrations, although the theoretical values were consistently the higher. The recoverable concentration accounted for 25.7% (mean of the three treatments) of the theoretical concentration.

Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada↗
USGS1975

Fluorescent antibody identification and detection of the Corynebacterium causing kidney disease of salmonids

An indirect fluorescent antibody technique (FAT) has been developed for serological identification, diagnosis of kidney disease (KD), and detection of subclinical infections of KD. Rabbit or goat antikidney disease serum and appropriately labeled immunoglobulin was found to be specific for the KD bacterium. The technique was superior to examination of gram-stained smears for detection of small numbers of KD bacteria. The test requires approximately 2 h.

Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada↗
USGS1975

Book Review: The benthos of lakes

No abstract available. Review info: The benthos of lakes. By Ralph O. Brinkhurst, 1974. ISBN: 978-1930665705, 190 pp.

Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada↗
USGS1976

Temperature tolerance of young-of-the-year lake whitefish, Coregonus clupeaformis

The ultimate upper lethal temperature of young-of-the-year lake whitefish, Coregonus clupeaformis , was 26.65 C; this value is closely similar to that reported for yearling bloaters, Coregonus hoyi (26.75 C) and young-of-the-year lake herring, Coregonus artedii (26.0 C).

Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada↗
USGS1976

Prevention and control of viral diseases of salmonids

Three viral diseases of salmonids are of worldwide concern: infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN) viral hemorrhagic septicemia (VHS), and infectious hematopoietic necrosis (IHN). Six principal approaches are being used to prevent or control these diseases: 1) preventing contact o the pathogen with the host, 2) environmental manipulation, 3) immunization, 4) chemotherapy, 5 selective breeding for disease resistance, and 6) reducing stress conditions which augment disease conditions. Preventing the introduction of a pathogen into a new stock of fish has been accomplished mainly by implementing stringent laws to prevent transport of infected fish into uninfected areas. Stocks of fish already infected are sometimes destroyed, and the hatchery is disinfected and restocked with fish free of specific pathogens. Environmental manipulation (elevated water temperature) has been successfully used to control IHN. Chemotherapeutics such as povidone-iodine for IPN and benzipyrene for IHN show promise of controlling mortalities; however, the practicality of using these drugs to eliminate the carrier fish has not been evaluated. Salmonids are capable of developing immune responses to viruses; however, development of effective vaccines, selective breeding for disease resistance, and identification of stress conditions which augment disease are still in the experimental phase.

Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada↗
USGS1976

Antimycin: Uptake, distribution, and elimination in brown bullheads (Ictalurus nebulosus)

Radioactive antimycin was readily taken up in bile and tissues of brown bullheads ( Ictalurus nebulosus ) exposed to 0.045 μg/ml of 14 C-antimycin for as long as 48 h. Bile contained the most and blood the least radioactivity at all sampling periods. The highest concentration of 14 C-antimycin in muscle was 0.12 μg/g, after 12 h of exposure. The average amount of 14 C-antimycin per fish was 0.94 μg/g. The 14 C-antimycin concentration decreased with the elapse of time in the muscle and in samples of combined head, skin, and viscera. The concentration of l4 C-antimycin in the exposure solution decreased from 0.045 μg/ml to 0.015 μg/ml after 12 h and 0.010 μg/ml after 48 h. The initial half-life of 14 C-antimycin in the exposure solution was about 6.5 h. A second group of fish was exposed to 0.045 μg/ml of l4 C-antimycin for 48 h and then transferred to antimycin-free, flowing water for up to 96 h. The 14 C-activity decreased in muscle tissue from 0.11 μg/g to 0.05 μg/g in 96 h. Half-life of 14 C-antimycin was about 75 h in muscle and 61 h in the combined head, skin, and viscera.

Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada↗
USGS1976

Female homogamety in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) determined by gynogenesis

Gynogenesis occurred in eggs of grass carp ( Ctenopharyngodon idella ) treated with X-irradiated milt from goldfish ( Carassius auratus ). Gynogenetic offspring were females, which indicates functional female homogamety in grass carp. Five of these gynogenetic fish were used as an egg source for a second generation of artificially gynogenetic fish. The percentage yield in this second generation was about the same as in the first, which suggests that the tendency to become diploid is not strongly heritable.

Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada↗