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At least 271 records · Page 15Linked to original sources

USGS1952

The geology of the Florida land-pebble phosphate deposits

The land-pebble phosphate district is on the Gulf Coastal Plain of Florida. The phosphate deposits are in the Bone Valley formation, dated Pliocene by most writers. These strata overlie the Miocene Hawthorn formation and are overlain by consolidated sands 3 to 20 feet thick. The minable phosphate deposits, called “matrix” in the district, range from a featheredge to about 50 feet in thickness and consist of phosphatic pellets and nodules, quartz sand, and montmorillonitic clay in about equal proportions. Locally the matrix displays cross-bedding and horizontal laminations, but elsewhere it is structureless. The phosphorite particles, composed largely of carbonate-fluorapatite, range in diameter from less than 0.1 mm to about 60 cm and in P 2 O 5 content from 30 to 36 percent. Coarse-pebble deposits, containing 30 to 34 percent P 2 O 5 are found mainly on basement highs; and fine-pebble deposits, containing 32 to 36 percent P 2 O 5 are, are found in basement lows. Deposits in the northern part of the field contain more phosphate particles and their P 2 O 5 content is higher than those in the southern part. The upper part of the phosphatic strata is leached to an advanced degree and consists of quartz sand and clay-sized particules of pseudowavellite and wavellite. The leached zone ranges in thickness from a featheredge to 60 feet. The origin of the land-pebble deposits is incompletely known. Possible modes of origin are a residuum of Miocene age, or a reworked residuum of Pliocene or Quaternary age.

Florida↗

USGS1955

Stratigraphy of the area between Hernando and Hardee counties, Florida

Eocene, Oligocene, Miocene, and Recent rocks are exposed between Hernando and Hardee Counties. Eocene and Oligocene formations are fossiliferous limestones but Miocene rocks are largely unconsolidated sands and clays in which fossils are scarce. Correlation of Miocene strata therefore is necessarily based mainly on lithology and stratigraphic position. Where rocks are altered by weathering, correlation is based on original rather than present gross Tithelogy. Quartz sand was found to be valuable in correlation because it is not affected by weathering. Rocks in the report area previously mapped as the upper Miocene or lower Pliocene Alachua and Bone Valley formations .were found to range from lower to middle Miocene and are assigned to the Tampa and Hawthorn formations. The Citronelle formation of Pliocene or later age apparently does not extend into peninsular Florida, Clayey sand that has been considered as Citromelle equivalent in the report area is late middle Miocene or early upper Miocene in age. Hardrock phosphate deposits in the area are in lower Miocene beds which are assigned to the Tampa Limestone. Hardrock phosphate particles appear to consist of two types: cementation concretions and limestone replacements. Land-pebble phosphate deposits range in age from middle Miocene to Pleistocene. In the area of this report they are mainly residual deposits of middle Miocene age. In the report area uranium is confined mainly to lower and middle Miocene rocks with the greatest concentrations in the Hawthorn formation.

Florida↗

USGS1956

Geologic features of areas of abnormal radioactivity south of Ocala, Marion County, Florida

Areas of abnormal radioactivity south of Ocala, Marion County, Fla., discovered in 1953 by aerial survey, were investigated by surface examination and by 10 power auger drill holes. Inter-bedded clay, clayey sand, and uraniferous phosphorite occur in the areas of anomalous radioactivityo Miocene fossils occur at three localities in these beds which are evidently outliers- of Miocene sediments on the Ocala limestone of Eocene age. The preserved outliers are southwest of the main belt of Miocene sediments. The principal uraniferous rocks are clayey, sandy, pellet phosphori1te that occurs in beds a few feet thick, and very porous, phosphatic sand rock which makes abundant float at many places. Apatite forms the phosphate pellets in the unweathered phosphorite. The very porous, phosphatic sand rock is the highly leached residuum of the pellet phosphorite and is composed mainly of quartz, kaolinite, wavellite, and crandallite (pseudowavellite). It closely resembles the aluminum phosphate rock of the 'leached zone' of the Bone Valley formation in the land-pebble phosphate district.

Trace Elements Memorandum↗

USGS2021

The type section of the Codell Sandstone

We formally assign, describe and interpret a principal reference section for the middle Turonian Codell Sandstone Member of the Carlile Shale near Codell, Kansas. This section, at the informally named Pumpjack Road, provides the thickest surface expression (9 m, ∼30 ft) of the unit in Ellis County. The outcrop exposes features that typify the Codell throughout the southern Denver Basin and vicinity. At this reference section, the Codell conformably overlies the Blue Hill Shale Member of the Carlile Shale and is unconformably overlain by the Fort Hays Limestone Member of the Niobrara Formation or locally by a thin (<0.9 m, <3 ft) discontinuous mudstone known as the Antonino facies. The top contact of the Codell is slightly undulatory with possible compaction features or narrow (<30.5 m, <100 ft), low-relief (0.3-0.6 m, 1-2 ft) scours, all of which hint that the Codell is a depositional remnant, even at the type section. At Pumpjack Road, the Codell coarsens upward from a recessive-weathering argillaceous medium-grained siltstone with interbedded mudstone at its base to a more indurated cliff-forming muddy, highly bioturbated, very fine-grained sandstone at its top. The unit contains three informal gradational packages: a lower Codell of medium to coarse siltstone and mudstone, a middle Codell of muddy coarse siltstone, and an upper muddy Codell dominated by well-sorted very fine-grained sandstone. The largest grain fractions, all <120 mm in size, are mostly quartz (40-80%), potassium feldspar (7-12%), and albite (1-2%), with some chert (<15%), zircon, and other constituents such as abraded phosphatic skeletal debris. Rare fossil fish teeth and bones also occur. Detrital and authigenic clays make up 9 to 42% of the Codell at the reference section. Detrital illite and mixed layer illite/smectite are common, along with omnipresent kaolinite as grain coatings or cement. As is typical for the Codell, the sandstone at the type section has been pervasively bioturbated. Most primary structures and bedding are obscured, particularly toward the top of the unit where burrows are larger, deeper and more diverse than at its base. This bioturbation has created a textural inversion in which the larger silt and sand grains are very well sorted but are mixed with mud. Detrital zircons from the upper Codell are unusual in that they are mostly prismatic to acicular, euhedral, colorless, unpitted, and unabraded, and have a near-unimodal age peak centered at ∼94 Ma. These characteristics suggest they were reworked mainly from Cenomanian bentonites; their ultimate source was likely from the Cordilleran orogenic belt to the west and northwest.

Kansas↗

USGS2025

Safety and immunogenicity of poultry vaccine for protecting critically endangered avian species against highly pathogenic avian influenza virus, United States

In 2023, an outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza occurred among critically endangered California condors ( Gymnogyps californianus ), and > 21 died. We evaluated safety, immunogenicity, vaccination strategies, and correlates of antibody response of an influenza vaccine for poultry in black vultures ( Coragyps atratus ) and then California condors. We noted differences in antibody titers between vaccinated and unvaccinated birds (vultures p < 0.004; condors p < 0.02) but no adverse effects of vaccination. All vaccinated vultures and 80% of vaccinated condors showed maximum measured antibody response within the published range associated with survival of vaccinated and virally challenged chickens. We noted weak evidence of higher antibody responses for birds given two 0.5-mL vaccines versus those given one 1-mL vaccine but no correlation between antibody titers and sex for either species or between antibody titers and bone lead concentrations in vultures. Our results prompted initiation of a vaccination program for condors that could reduce spread of this disease among highly threatened species.

Emerging Infectious Diseases↗

USGS2007

Infection by a black spot-causing species of Uvulifer and associated opercular alterations in fishes from a high-desert stream in Wyoming

Black spot is a common disease syndrome of freshwater fishes. This study provides information on the rank of density of the black spot agent and opercular bone alterations associated with at least one digenean, Uvulifer sp., infecting native and non-native catostomids and cyprinids of the Upper Colorado River Basin. We evaluated the density rank of pigmented metacercariae and associated alterations in the operculum of the bluehead sucker Catostomus discobolus, flannelmouth sucker C. latipinnis, white sucker C. commersoni, catostomid hybrids, roundtail chub Gila robusta, and creek chub Semotilus atromaculatus, sampled from Muddy Creek, Wyoming, USA in 2003 or 2004. All fish species contained individuals that exhibited gross signs of the black spot agent. Bluehead and flannelmouth suckers had 100% prevalence of infection. Although the other suckers and chubs contained encysted metacercariae in at least one individual, the presence of pigmented metacercariae was not apparent (i.e. based on gross observations) in many individuals. Catostomids had higher densities of metacercariae than cyprinids, as shown by frequency distributions of density ranks. Opercular holes (i.e. holes that completely penetrated the opercle and were in direct association with the pigment associated metacercariae) and pockets (depressions on the external surface of the opercle associated with metacercariae) were abundant among catostomids but rare among cyprinids. ?? Inter-Research 2007.

Diseases of Aquatic Organisms↗

USGS2009

Retrospective characterization of ontogenetic shifts in killer whale diets via δ13C and δ15N analysis of teeth

Metabolically inert, accretionary structures such as the dentin growth layers in teeth provide a life history record of individual diet with near-annual resolution. We constructed ontogenetic δ 13 C and δ 15 N profiles by analyzing tooth dentin growth layers from 13 individual killer whales Orcinus orca collected in the eastern northeast Pacific Ocean between 1961 and 2003. The individuals sampled were 6 to 52 yr old, representing 2 ecotypes—resident and transient—collected across ~25° of latitude. The average isotopic values of transient individuals (n = 10) are consistent with a reliance on mammalian prey, while the average isotopic values of residents (n = 3) are consistent with piscivory. Regardless of ecotype, most individuals show a decrease in δ 15 N values of ~2.5&permil; through the first 3 yr of life, roughly equivalent to a decrease of one trophic level. We interpret this as evidence of gradual weaning, after which, ontogenetic shifts in isotopic values are highly variable. A few individuals (n = 2) maintained relatively stable δ 15 N and δ 13 C values throughout the remainder of their lives, whereas δ 15 N values of most (n = 11) increased by ~1.5&permil;, suggestive of an ontogenetic increase in trophic level. Significant differences in mean δ 13 C and δ 15 N values among transients collected off California suggest that individuality in prey preferences may be prevalent within this ecotype. Our approach provides retrospective individual life history and dietary information that cannot be obtained through traditional field observations of free-ranging and elusive species such as killer whales, including unique historic ecological information that pre-dates modern studies. By providing insights into individual diet composition, stable isotope analysis of teeth and/or bones may be the only means of evaluating a number of hypothesized historical dietary shifts in killer whales of the northeast Pacific Ocean

California↗

USGS2009

Unusual raptor nests around the world

From surveys in many countries, we report raptors using unusual nesting materials (e.g., paper money, rags, metal, antlers, and large bones) and unusual nesting situations. For example, we documented nests of Steppe Eagles Aquila nipalensis and Upland Buzzards Buteo hemilasius on the ground beside well-traveled roads, Saker Falcon Falco cherrug eyries in attics and a cistern, and Osprey Pandion haliaetus nests on the masts of boats and on a suspended automobile. Other records include a Golden Eagle A. chrysaetos nest 7.0 m in height, believed to be the tallest nest ever described, and, for the same species, we report nesting in rudimentary nests. Some nest sites are within a few meters of known predators or competitors. These unusual observations may be important in revealing the plasticity of a species' behavioral repertoire. ?? 2009 The Raptor Research Foundation, Inc.

Journal of Raptor Research↗

USGS2018

Volcanic ash activates the NLRP3 inflammasome in murine and human macrophages

Volcanic ash is a heterogeneous mineral dust that is typically composed of a mixture of amorphous (glass) and crystalline (mineral) fragments. It commonly contains an abundance of the crystalline silica (SiO 2 ) polymorph cristobalite. Inhalation of crystalline silica can induce inflammation by stimulating the NLRP3 inflammasome, a cytosolic receptor complex that plays a critical role in driving inflammatory immune responses. Ingested material results in the assembly of NLRP3, ASC, and caspase-1 with subsequent secretion of the interleukin-1 family cytokine IL-1β. Previous toxicology work suggests that cristobalite-bearing volcanic ash is minimally reactive, calling into question the reactivity of volcanically derived crystalline silica, in general. In this study, we target the NLRP3 inflammasome as a crystalline silica responsive element to clarify volcanic cristobalite reactivity. We expose immortalized bone marrow-derived macrophages of genetically engineered mice and primary human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) to ash from the Soufrière Hills volcano as well as representative, pure-phase samples of its primary componentry (volcanic glass, feldspar, cristobalite) and measure NLRP3 inflammasome activation. We demonstrate that respirable Soufrière Hills volcanic ash induces the activation of caspase-1 with subsequent release of mature IL-1β in a NLRP3 inflammasome-dependent manner. Macrophages deficient in NLRP3 inflammasome components are incapable of secreting IL-1β in response to volcanic ash ingestion. Cellular uptake induces lysosomal destabilization involving cysteine proteases. Furthermore, the response involves activation of mitochondrial stress pathways leading to the generation of reactive oxygen species. Considering ash componentry, cristobalite is the most reactive pure-phase with other components inducing only low-level IL-1β secretion. Inflammasome activation mediated by inhaled ash and its potential relevance in chronic pulmonary disease was further evidenced in PBMC using the NLRP3 small-molecule inhibitor CP-456,773 (CRID3, MCC950). Our data indicate the functional activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome by volcanic ash in murine and human macrophages in vitro . Cristobalite is identified as the apparent driver, thereby contesting previous assertions that chemical and structural imperfections may be sufficient to abrogate the reactivity of volcanically derived cristobalite. This is a novel mechanism for the stimulation of a pro-inflammatory response by volcanic particulate and provides new insight regarding chronic exposure to environmentally occurring particles.

Frontiers in Immunology↗

USGS2025

Discovery of an intact Quaternary paleosol, Georgia Bight, USA

A previously buried paleosol was found on the continental shelf during a study of sea floor scour, nucleated by large artificial reef structures such as vessel hulks, barges, train cars, military vehicles, etc., called “scour nuclei”. It is a relic paleo-land surface of sapling-sized tree stumps, root systems, and fossil animal bone exhumed by scour processes active adjacent to the artificial reef structure. Over the span of five research cruises to the site in 2022–2024, soil samples were taken using hand excavation, PONAR grab samplers, split spoon, hollow tube auger, and a modified Shelby-style push box. High-definition (HD) video was taken using a Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) and diver-held cameras. Radiocarbon dating of wood samples returned ages of 42,015–43,417 calibrated years before present (cal yrBP). Pollen studies, together with the recovered macrobotanical remains, support our interpretation of the site as a freshwater forested wetland whose keystone tree species was Taxodium distichum —bald cypress. The paleosol was identified as an Aquult, a sub-order of Ultisols where water tables are at or near the surface year-round. A deep (0.25 m+) argillic horizon comprised the bulk of the preserved soil. Comparable Ultisols found in Georgia wetlands include Typic Paleaquult (Grady and Bayboro series) soils.

Georgia↗

USGS2016

Supersize me: Remains of three white-tailed deer ( Odocoileus virginianus ) in an invasive Burmese python ( Python molurus bivittatus ) in Florida

Snakes have become successful invaders in a wide variety of ecosystems worldwide. In southern Florida, USA, the Burmese python (Python molurus bivittatus) has become established across thousands of square kilometers including all of Everglades National Park (ENP). Both experimental and correlative data have supported a relationship between Burmese python predation and declines or extirpations of mid- to large-sized mammals in ENP. In June 2013 a large python (4.32 m snout-vent length, 48.3 kg) was captured and removed from the park. Subsequent necropsy revealed a massive amount of fecal matter (79 cm in length, 6.5 kg) within the snake’s large intestine. A comparative examination of bone, teeth, and hooves extracted from the fecal contents revealed that this snake consumed three white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). This is the first report of an invasive Burmese python containing the remains of multiple white-tailed deer in its gut. Because the largest snakes native to southern Florida are not capable of consuming even mid-sized mammals, pythons likely represent a novel predatory threat to white-tailed deer in these habitats. This work highlights the potential impact of this large-bodied invasive snake and supports the need for more work on invasive predator-native prey relationships.

BioInvasions Records↗

USGS2016

Alternative method of removing otoliths from sturgeon

Extracting the otoliths (ear bones) from fish that have very thick skulls can be difficult and very time consuming. The common practice of making a transverse vertical incision on the top of the skull with a hand or electrical saw may damage the otolith if not performed correctly. Sturgeons ( Acipenseridae ) are one family in particular that have a very large and thick skull. A new laboratory method entering the brain cavity from the ventral side of the fish to expose the otoliths was easier than other otolith extraction methods found in the literature. Methods reviewed in the literature are designed for the field and are more efficient at processing large quantities of fish quickly. However, this new technique was designed to be more suited for a laboratory setting when time is not pressing and successful extraction from each specimen is critical. The success of finding and removing otoliths using this technique is very high and does not compromise the structure in any manner. This alternative technique is applicable to other similar fish species for extracting the otoliths.

Journal of Visualized Experiments↗

USGS2022

Affinity of the benthic foraminifer Cassidulinoides parkeriana (Brady) for whale-falls: Evidence from off western Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada

A partial skeleton of a blue or fin whale, estimated to have been 16.5 m in length and thought to have been lying on the seafloor for less than 10 years, was observed at a depth of 1288 m off western Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada (48.68° N, 126.84° W). Four push cores were taken at the site, three (15-26 cm in length) directly under caudal vertebrae and one 18 cm long, considered a reference, 15 m away, in order to characterize changes in the benthic foraminiferal assemblage due to the whale-fall. A Q-mode cluster analysis identified four groupings, separating the surface and deeper samples of both the whale-fall and reference cores. The results of a metric multi-dimensional scaling plot and permutational multivariate analysis of variance test of the surface samples also suggest there was a significant difference between the whale-fall and reference core benthic foraminiferal faunas. No endemic species were recovered. Downcore samples below 6 cm in the whale-fall and reference cores were characterized by common Uvigerina peregrina , Pseudoparrella pacifica , Bolivina spissa , Bulimina striata , and Takayanagia delicata . In contrast, Cassidulinoides parkeriana , which typically is a minor component of benthic foraminiferal assemblages, dominated the upper 6 cm of the whale-fall cores, whereas the low oxygen-tolerant species T. delicata dominated the same interval in the reference core. The dramatic increase in abundance of C. parkeriana in the upper sediments below this whale-fall, as well as at the Torishima Seamount whale-fall site off Japan, indicate that it is an opportunistic species well adapted to taking advantage of unpredictable and highly localized tropic windfalls such as whale-falls. To our knowledge, this is the first benthic foraminiferal species shown to increase dramatically in abundance in the presence of a whale-fall. Additionally, modern fragments of whale bones occurring as deep as 12 to 15 cm downcore at the western Vancouver Island site demonstrate the effect of bioturbation by invertebrate scavengers that consume whale carcasses, indicating that detailed biostratigraphic records below whale-falls should be interpreted with caution.

Pacific Ocean, Vancouver Island↗

USGS1988

Hematozoan parasites of Rio Grande wild turkeys from southern Texas (USA)

One hundred twenty-three of 300 blood samples (41%) taken from Rio Grande wild turkeys ( Meleagris gallopavo intermedia ) from three locations in southern Texas (Welder Wildlife Refuge, Chaparrosa Ranch, and Campo Alegre Ranch) and subinoculated into domestic broad-breasted white turkey poults were positive for a Plasmodium ( Novyella ) sp. Analysis of blood films from 350 turkeys revealed Haemoproteus meleagridis in 76% of the birds. A significantly greater mean parasite intensity was observed in birds from Welder Wildlife Refuge. Birds from the Campo Alegre Ranch exhibited a significantly higher prevalence of H. meleagridis than birds from Chaparrosa. The Plasmodium sp. was infective for canaries ( Serinus canaria ), bobwhites ( Colinus virginianus ), and ring-necked pheasants ( Phasianus colchicus ), but would not produce infection in white leghorn chickens ( Gallus gallus ) or Coturnix quail ( Coturnix coturnix ). Attempts to infect Culex tarsalis and C. pipiens pipiens were unsuccessful. Asexual erythrocytic synchrony was not observed when blood-induced infections were monitored in two domestic turkey poults every 4 hr for 72 hr. Exoerythrocytic stages were not found upon examination of impression smears and tissue samples taken from brain, liver, spleen, kidney, lung, and bone marrow. The Plasmodium sp. is most similar morphologically to three species in the subgenus Novyella , P. hexamerium , P. vaughani , and P. kempi . The most striking similarities are to P. hexamerium , and involve mean merozoite number, erythrocytic schizont location, and vertebrate host susceptibility. It differs from P. vaughani in being able to infect turkeys and in type of parasitized erythrocytes. Differences to P. kempi include mean merozoite number, and ability to infect pheasants, and its inability to develop in C. pipiens and C. tarsalis .

Texas↗

USGS1996

Prevalence and histopathology of shell disease in turtles from Lake Blackshear, Georgia

Turtles in Lake Blackshear, Crisp County, Georgia (USA) were evaluated for shell disease during intensive trapping efforts on 8 and 9 May 1990. The disease was most prevalent in Pseudemys concinna (74%) and Trachemys scripta (35%). The degree of necrosis on the carapace was significantly positively correlated with the degree of necrosis on the plastron in T. scripta ( r s = 0.50), but not in P. concinna ( r s = 0.06). Female T. scripta with lesions were significantly larger than females without lesions. Lesions were not detected on six other species of turtles. Some areas contained multinucleate osteoclasts that were destroying bone. No tumors were detected in soft tissue samples.

Journal of Wildlife Diseases↗

USGS2020

Postmortem evaluation of reintroduced migratory whooping cranes (Grus americana) in eastern North America

We reviewed necropsy records of 124 Whooping Cranes ( Grus americana ) recovered following reintroduction of 268 individuals from 2001 to 2016 in the eastern US. Causes of death were determined in 62% (77/124) of cases facilitated by active monitoring that limited decomposition and scavenging artifact. The greatest proportions of mortality were caused by predation (0.468; 95% confidence interval 0.356–0.580; 36/77), collision with power lines or vehicles (0.260; 0.162–0.358; 20/77), and gunshot (0.169; 0.085–0.253; 13/77). Six deaths were attributed to infection (0.078; 0.018–0.138; 6/77), including bacterial and fungal etiologies. Lead analysis of 50 liver samples yielded two results with elevated concentrations (3.65 and 10.97 ppm wet weight), and 10 bone samples from partial carcasses lacking suitable liver tissue resulted in one elevated result (48.82 ppm dry weight). These data indicate that underlying subclinical or clinical lead toxicosis may be a factor in up to 5% of deaths attributed to predation or impact trauma. Brain cholinesterase activity testing indicated no exposure to organophosphate or carbamate pesticides (mean±SD=17.32±2.90 µmol/min/g, 31/71). The causes of death and potential underlying factors summarized in this study constitute the first definitive mortality survey of migratory Whooping Cranes based on a high carcass recovery rate. Causes of death by infectious etiologies remained comparatively rare in this study, and occurred as single cases with no evidence of sustained transmission among reintroduced Whooping Cranes.

Eastern North America↗

USGS1975

Duck plague in free-flying waterfowl observed during the Lake Andes epizootic

The first major epizootic of duck plague in free-flying waterfowl occurred at Lake Andes, South Dakota, in January and February, 1973. Duck plague was diagnosed in black ducks, mallards, pintail-mallard hybrids, redheads, common mergansers, common golden eyes, canvasbacks, American widgeon, wood ducks, and Canada geese, indicating the general susceptibility of ducks to duck plague. Clinical signs observed in mallards were droopiness, polydipsia, lethargy, reduced wariness, weakness, reluctance to fly, swimming in circles, bloody diarrhea, bloody fluid draining from the nares and bill, and terminal convulsions.Because the mallard was the most numerous and heavily infected species during the Lake Andes epizootic, gross and microscopic lesions of the gastrointestinal tract, liver, spleen, thymus, bursa of Fabricius, heart, lung, bone marrow, pancreas, and ovaries were described. Lesions of the esophagus and cloaca were in the stratified submucosal glands. In the small and large intestine, lesions were located in lymphocytic aggregates, lamina propria, and crypt epithelium. Hemorrhages and necrosis of hepatocytes and bile duct epithelium were noted in the liver. Diffuse necrosis of lymphocytic and reticuloendothelial tissue were evident in the spleen, bursa of Fabricius, and thymus. Hemorrhages in other tissues such as the lung and heart were often associated with lymphoid nodules, while those in organs such as the pancreas were associated with acinar necrosis. Intranuclear inclusion bodies were seen in stratified squamous epithelium of the esophagus and cloaca, crypt epithelium of the intestine, hepatocytes, bile duct epithelium, cells of Hassel's corpuscles, splenic periarteriolar reticular cells, and epithelial cells in the bursa of Fabricius.

Wildlife Disease Conference↗

USGS1997

Avian cholera in ospreys: first occurrence and possible mode of transmission

In 1994, six Ospreys (Pandion haliaetus) were recovered during the later stages of an epizootic of avian cholera (Pasteurella multocida) in diving ducks and seabirds on Chesapeake Bay in Maryland and Virginia. Pasteurella multocida was isolated from four Ospreys submitted for bacterial examination. This is believed to be the first report of avian cholera in Ospreys. The same isolate, serotype 3,4, was isolated from the Ospreys, diving ducks,and seabirds collected during the epizootic. Possible modes of transmission of avian cholera in Ospreys were either the ingestion of sick waterfowl or use of infected carcasses or bones as nest material.

Maryland, Virginia↗