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At least 253 records · Page 14Linked to original sources
USGS2014

The Piezometric surface of artesian water in the Florida peninsula

The ground‐ water of the Florida Peninsula constitutes one of its most valuable natural resources and is of importance as a source of water ‐supplies throughout the area. The problems relating to the development of ground‐ water supplies are both quantitative and qualitative. They include such problems as the decline in yield of wells in areas of large withdrawals of water and salt‐ water contamination of ground‐ water supplies. In order to facilitate a better understanding and interpretation of hydrologic conditions relating to these local ground‐ water problems, a general survey of the artesian water in the Florida Peninsula was made by the United States Geological Survey in 1934.

Florida↗
USGS2014

Volcanological boron compounds

I wish to present what evidence we have as to the geochemistry of boron minerals as related to volcanological processes, or, in other words, what are the volcanological boron compounds? Volcanological processes, considered only as they apply to this question, may be grouped for present convenience as follows: (1) Extrusion of volcanic rocks; (2) volcanic exhalations including fumaroles and solfataras; (3) hot springs.

Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union↗
USGS2014

A source of heat‐energy in crystallization of granodiorite magma, and some related problems of volcanism

Evidence obtained from thin sections, polished sections, and chemical analyses of granodiorite porphyries from the Ouray District of Colorado show that during crystallization of the granodiorite magma a number of shifts occurred in the equilibrium between the oxides of iron. These changes are reflected in processes of mineralization associated with the magma. The geologic setting of the igneous bodies and episodes of fissuring connected with the mineralization indicate that relief of pressure was the primary cause of the shifts in equilibrium. The iron occurring in the crystallized products and in the residual magmatic liquids is changed from its low to its high state of oxidation and thus provides an internal and potential source of heat‐energy in crystallizing magmas. The transformation of the potential energy into neat is shown to occur both as an episodic process, interrupting the normal course of igneous metamorphism and mineralization near the magma bodies, and also as a more or less continuous process in the production of primary subalkaline magmas. The energy‐transformation is so controlled by crystal fractionation within the magma‐hood that it provides a mechanism by which magma bodies are enabled to rise in the Earth's crust by selective fusion of salic material.

Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union↗
USGS2014

Report of Committee on Glaciers, 1935–36

The membership of the Committee remains the same as stated in the Transactions of the 15th Annual Meeting, except that Kenneth N. Phillips has taken the place of Carl P. Richards, as representative of the Mazamas, of Portland, Oregon. The Committee submits the following report on the variations of glaciers in the continental United States and Alaska for 1935 or, more precisely, for the 12‐month period from the autumn of 1934 to the autumn of 1935.

Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union↗
USGS2014

Report of the Committee on Underground Waters, 1935–36

Interest in problems of ground‐water hydrology continues unabated. As proof of this statement it is only necessary to state that of 57 papers listed for presentation at the present annual meeting of the Section of Hydrology and of the Pacific Coast meeting of the Section on January 31 and February 1, 26 papers, or 45 per cent, related to some phase of ground‐water hydrology. In this connection, attention may be called especially to the papers on ground‐water presented at the Pacific Coast meeting and published in the present Transactions . At this early point in his report, the Chairman should state that at about the time he usually takes the preliminary steps in compiling data for his annual report, his official duties somewhat unexpectedly took him to field‐work in New Mexico and Colorado. Without the usual office facilities it has not been possible for him to make all desired contacts, and the present report of current ground‐water studies is necessarily somewhat incomplete.

Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union↗
USGS2014

Report of the committee on chemistry of natural waters, 1935–36

The membership of this Committee was not changed during the past year. A publication has appeared during the year giving the analytical data assembled for and used as a basis for Bulletin 40 of the Department of Public Works, California. This new publication, printed as 40‐A, is entitled “Detailed analyses showing qualities of irrigation‐waters.” Analyses are given for both surface‐ and ground‐waters.

Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union↗
USGS2014

Introduction: Some problems relating to fluctuations of ground‐water level

When the program for the meeting of the Section of Hydrology a year ago was in preparation, it was suggested that a symposium be presented on the subject of the effects of the recent drought on ground‐water levels. The proposal was not carried out largely because at that time not enough accurate information on the subject was yet available. It has, however, seemed that this year a worth‐while group of papers could be developed on the broader subject of fluctuations of ground‐water levels.

Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union↗
USGS2014

Long‐time records of ground‐water levels on Long Island, New York

As early at 1851 the need for information as to the position of the water‐table was recognized by workers on Long Island. In that year water‐level measurements were made in about 32 domestic wells in the southern part of Kings and Queens counties, New York (W. J. McAlpine, Report made to the water committee of the common council of the City of Brooklyn on supplying the City with water, p. 113, Brooklyn, I. Van Anden, 1852). Although specific water‐level data are given in this report, it has not been possible to determine the exact locations of the old wells that were measured, or the months during which measurements were made.

Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union↗
USGS2014

Decline of artesian head in west‐central South Dakota

During the summer of 1935 the United States Geological Survey, in cooperation with the South Dakota Geological Survey, made a field‐study and report of the artesian conditions in the west‐central part of South Dakota. This study covered the semiarid plains‐region between the Black Hills uplift and the Missouri River, in which the Pierre shale is at or very near the surface. One of the important facts brought out by this study was the large decline in artesian head since development of the artesian basin began in the early 1890's.

South Dakota↗
USGS2014

The relation of the drought of 1934 to ground‐water supplies in the James and Sheyenne River‐Basins of North And South Dakota

The water‐shortage caused by the drought of 1934 in the Middle West drew nation‐wide attention to the lack of adequate information on the relation of precipitation to water‐supplies. The shortage was especially severe in the Dakotas because precipitation had been below normal in North Dakota since 1930 and in South Dakota since 1931. Many wells and springs failed, numerous streams ceased to flow, and levels of water in lakes and ponds declined until some of them became completely dry. Many of the inhabitants felt great concern lest the water‐supplies of the area had been permanently depleted.

Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union↗
USGS2014

An interpretation of water‐table fluctuations at four wells in Southern California

The urban and agricultural development in most areas of southern California have depended on the underground water‐resources of which more and more use has been made. It has been estimated that in the South Coastal Basin during the summer 90 per cent of the water‐supply for irrigation and other purposes developed locally is obtained from underground sources [see 1 of “References” at end of paper]. Because of the economic importance of this resource, measurements of the depth of water‐level are made regularly at hundreds of wells in the area to obtain knowledge of the draw‐down and replenishment.

Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union↗
USGS2014

Fluctuations of ground‐water levels in Utah

Long‐time continuous records of the fluctuations of ground‐water levels have been obtained at relatively few locations in the United States. Among the few available records for Utah that extend continuously over a period of a year or more are those made in the Jordan River and Ogden valleys by the United States Geological Survey in cooperation with Salt Lake City and Ogden. A few of the records of water‐levels, with records of stream‐flow and precipitation, are shown in Figure 1. Most of these records were begun during 1931 or 1932. A State‐wide program of well‐observations was begun during the summer of 1935 and is now in progress, the work being done by the Geological Survey in cooperation with the Utah State Engineer.

Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union↗
USGS2014

Several methods of studying fluctuations of ground‐water levels

As a result of increased interest in ground‐water conditions in recent years, records of water‐levels in wells are now being collected in many places in the United States for the primary purpose of determining the relation of precipitation and other natural factors to fluctuations in water‐level. In the past, records of ground‐water levels have been collected chiefly in connection with intensive investigations in areas where the water‐levels were affected by artificial withdrawals and it has not been generally possible to correlate water‐level fluctuations closely with natural factors. It now appears probable that certain methods of studying water‐level fluctuations may be utilized advantageously in areas unaffected by heavy artificial withdrawals, but these methods generally do not yield satisfactory results in areas where there is considerable pumping or artesian flow. Three such methods are presented in this paper. The methods have not been given intensive study and their practical use is therefore not yet fully known. It is hoped that their application will be further investigated. Illustrations of the methods have been taken from records of ground‐water levels in the Platte River Valley, Nebraska, collected by the United States Geological Survey in cooperation with the Conservation and Survey Division of the University of Nebraska.

Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union↗
USGS2014

The channel‐storage method of determining effluent seepage

Some years ago the senior author, in collaboration with Norah Dowell Stearns, undertook to make a monthly inventory of the water‐supply of the Pomperaug River Basin, in Connecticut, from a study of data obtained by A. J. Ellis from 1913 to 1916. For this purpose approximate determinations or estimates were made of the ground‐water runoff, that is, of the part of the daily discharge of the river that consisted of water derived from the zone of saturation by effluent seepage. The determinations or estimates were essentially based on the assumption that after a week of fair weather the storm‐water was all discharged and that until the next rain the runoff was essentially all ground‐water (U.S. Geol, Surv. Water‐Supply Paper 597, pp. 107–116 and pi. 19, 1929). In the discussion of the methods and results of this investigation, the following statement was made (Water‐Supply Paper 597, pp. 145–146): “In this investigation the estimates of ground‐water runoff were based on the discharge of the Pomperaug at Bennetts Bridge—that is, on the discharge during the periods between rains, when there was virtually no direct runoff left in the stream‐system. Much better results could be obtained by basing the estimates on periods beginning as soon after rains as all of the direct runoff has reached the streams. With this method the ground‐water runoff during any particular day would be the total runoff minus the decrease in stream‐storage. The decrease in stream‐storage could be estimated by maintaining gages at several points on the trunk‐stream and on selected tributaries and making surveys of the stream‐system showing the approximate water‐areas of different parts of the system at different gage‐heights.”

Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union↗
USGS2014

United States Geological Survey records of suspended and dissolved matter in surface‐waters

Although the widest‐known and most conspicuous task of the United States Geological Survey with reference to surface‐waters has been the measurement of discharge, attention has always been given to the suspended and dissolved matter carried in them. From 1902 to 1909 the Survey published about 20 reports on the quality of surface‐waters. These reports dealt largely with stream‐pollution and its prevention, subjects that have not been included in the work of the Geological Survey since the Public Health Service began investigations of them in 1913.

Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union↗
USGS2014

Suspended matter in the Colorado River, 1925–1935

The rugged topography of a great part of the Colorado River Basin is a significant factor in determining the quantity of water and suspended matter carried by the River. The mountainous regions of Colorado and Wyoming contribute a large part of the flow of the River, whereas the central part of the Basin, cut by deep gorges and canyons, contributes a large part of the suspended matter carried by the River. The discharge of the Colorado River as measured near Cisco, Utah, with a drainage‐area of 24,100 square miles is slightly greater than the discharge of the largest tributary, the Green River, measured near Greenriver, Utah, with a drainage‐area of 40,600 square miles. The Green, however, carries a considerably larger load of suspended matter. Two other tributaries, the San Juan and Little Colorado rivers, each with a drainage‐area of about 25,000 square miles, carry large loads of suspended matter in proportion to their discharge. For example, the Little Colorado River in the summer of 1931 contributed less than 10 per cent of the flow of the main river at Grand Canyon, but the Little Colorado carried about 10,000,000 tons of suspended matter during this period and the main river had about 25,000,000 tons for the same period.

Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union↗
USGS2014

Suspended matter in several small streams

The measurement of the loads of suspended matter carried past 34 gaging‐stations located on streams in eight regional projects of the Soil Conservation Service has required greater precision in the measurement of discharge and a more intensive program for the collection of samples of suspended matter than has been found necessary by the Geological Survey in making similar measurements on the larger streams on which measurements have been made in the past. It was found early in the work that much the greater part of the annual load of suspended matter was carried in a relatively few days of high water for almost all the streams on which measurements were made. In order that these loads might be determined with reasonable accuracy it was found necessary to collect samples every hour and occasionally every half‐hour on rising and rapidly changing stages during floods. Some floods occurring at night were missed in part or entirely because the resident observer did not realize that a flood was in progress. Twenty‐four‐hour sampling programs, together with the aid of electric‐alarm systems at some stations, have made possible the collection of an adequate number of samples during most floods.

Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union↗