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At least 235 records · Page 13Linked to original sources
USGS2011

A progress report: Water conservation by removal of phreatophytes

Evapotranspiration from the flood plain of a major river depletes the water contributed from upstream areas of the watershed. This depletion can be significant in arid regions where water supplies are inadequate. Phreatophyte control offers a method of reducing the evapotranspiration and thus increases the water available to downstream users. This control is achieved by removing the woody phreatophytes and replacing them with grasses having a lower consumptive use.

Arizona↗
USGS2011

International symposium on hydrometry

Approximately 520 engineers and scientists from 55 countries attended the International Symposium on Hydrometry held at Koblenz, Federal Republic of Germany, from September 13 through 22, 1970. The symposium was convened by Unesco and organized in cooperation with the World Meteorological Organizations (WMO), Unesco, the National Committee for the International Hydrological Decade of the Federal Republic of Germany, and the International Association of Scientific Hydrology (IASH). The symposium was organized within the framework of the International Hydrological Decade (IHD). After a welcoming speech by J. Wallner, Chairman of the Organizing Committee, the opening address was presented by S. Dumitrescu, the representative of Unesco. Introductory statements were then delivered by T. Palas, the representative of WMO; by L.J. Tison, the representative of IASH; and by K. Wittock, the representative of the Government of the Federal Republic of Germany.

Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union↗
USGS2012

Geochemistry of water

The quadrennium 1967–1970 has been a productive period in the field of water geochemistry. Field studies, laboratory investigations, and theoretical considerations have led to significant advances in our knowledge of the chemical behavior of natural waters and of the solid earth materials that contain them. A symposium on trace inorganics in water, sponsored by the American Chemical Society, was held in Miami, Florida, in 1967. The proceedings of this conference were published in 1968 in the Advances in Chemistry Series 73. This volume deals with the occurrence, behavior, and analysis of inorganic constituents in natural waters.

Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union↗
USGS2011

Water projects design with inadequate data: Madrid, Spain June 4-9, 1973

The Symposium on the Design of Water Resources Projects with Inadequate Data drew 300 participants, representing more than 60 countries. The symposium was planned within the framework of the International Hydrological Decade and was convened by Unesco and WMO. Organization of the symposium was carried out by Unesco and the Spanish National Committee for the IHD in cooperation with WMO and the IAHS. These organizations are to be commended for their efforts toward ensuring the success of the symposium. The efforts of the Spanish National Committee, which handled the many local arrangements, are especially appreciated.

Madrid↗
USGS2011

Earthquake mechanism and displacement fields close to fault zones: Report on the Sixth GEOP Research Conference

The Sixth Geodesy/Solid Earth and Ocean Physics (GEOP) Research Conwas held on February 4–5, 1974, at the Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, in La Jolla, California. It was attended by about 100 persons. James N. Brune, program chairman, opened the conference and delivered the introductory address, a somewhat extended version of which is printed elsewhere in this issue. Brune's paper and the following summaries of the sessions constitute a report of the conference.

Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union↗
USGS2011

Ocean margin drilling - a multifaceted picture

While many in the oceanographic community enthusiastically look forward to the Ocean Margin Drilling (OMD) program, others are not sure that the science to be gained will be worth the commitment to such an expensive, technology-intensive venture. The program was 7 years in the planning at the National Science Foundation (NSF), calls for a total cost of about $700 million over the next decade, and is to last through 1989. OMD was envisioned at the NSF as the next step after the enormously successful Glomar Challenger Deep-Sea Drilling Project (DSDP). Now winding down, DSDP is scheduled to continue through 1981 and taper off in 1982. A proposal has been submitted that would extend Challenger operations through 1983.

Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union↗
USGS2011

Water resources of the People's Republic of China

At the invitation of the Society of Hydraulic Engineers of the People's Republic of China (PRC), a delegation of U.S. hydrologists and hydraulic engineers visited the PRC in the fall of 1978.* From discussions with officials of both the Society and the Ministry of Water Conservancy and Power (MWCP), and from visits to research and academic institutions and water projects, the delegation gained a general understanding of the country's surface water resources. The reported statistics, supplemented with others from published sources, provide a quantitative description of the PRC's water resources in relation to those of the United States.

Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union↗
USGS2011

IASPEI workshop: Seismic modeling of laterally varying structures

During the past 10 years, significant progress has been made in the methods of collection and analysis of seismic reflection and refraction data. This progress has led to the development of new models for the structure and composition of the earth's crust, based on sophisticated analysis of numerous profiles in many areas of geologic importance. The third triannual meeting of the IASPEI (International Association of Seismology and Physics of the Earth's Interior) Commission of Controlled Source Seismology was convened in Park City, Utah, on August 11–17, 1980, to bring together seismologists and geologists to explore and assess the progress of controlled source techniques (controlled sources include explosions, air guns, and Vibroseis‐type sources), and to evaluate its significance in terms of current models of the seismic velocity structure and composition of the crust and upper mantle. Particular attention was paid to the progress and problems in the modeling of two‐ and three‐dimensional structures.

Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union↗
USGS2011

Geomagnetic Workshop

A workshop on geomagnetism, sponsored by the Geologic Division of the U.S. Geological Survey, was held in the Denver West Office Complex in Golden, Colorado, April 13–15, 1982. There were 90 registered participants from government agencies, academic institutions, and industry. This effort stemmed from the realization that geomagnetism, once a small but coherent discipline, has now expanded into numerous areas of the geosciences, yet those doing research in these specialties seldom make contact outside their area of immediate interest. The impetus for this event came from the members of a committee formed to review the geomagnetic activities within the U.S. Geological Survey. They observed that the level of communication between the various elements of this now diverse discipline was inadequate, not only within their organization but also between federal agencies, academia, and the private sector. While the desire was to cover as much of geomagnetism as possible, it was necessary for a workshop of reasonable size and length to exclude some important areas of the subject: magnetic reversal chronology, studies of the externally produced variations, and most aspects of internal induction. The plan was to give emphasis to some of the newer areas: those which have recently seen a high level of activity and those with increasing activity abroad compared to that in the United States. The purpose was to evaluate the status and problems in selected areas with an eye to those whose emphasis might produce fruitful results in the next decade.

Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union↗
USGS2011

Coastal ocean dynamics

The main objective of the Coastal Ocean Dynamics Experiment (CODE) is to observe and describe the response of continental shelf waters to strong atmospheric forcing in a relatively simple geomorphological setting. In order to achieve this goal, CODE has been designed (1) to define the different space and time scales of the physical parameters important to the shelf flow field and (2) to identify and describe the essential kinematical and dynamical processes governing wind‐driven circulation on the continental shelf. A variety of models exist for the wind‐forced response of continental shelf waters. The salient differences among these models lies in the assumed balances between terms in the governing equations. For example, Gill and Schumann [1974] in a barotropic model assume a geostrophic cross‐shelf momentum balance but include the time‐dependent and surface and bottom stress terms in the along‐shelf momentum balance. Csanady [1978] in his arrested topographic wave model involving bottom friction assumes a quasisteady alongshelf response neglecting advective terms and retaining the geostrophic cross‐shelf balance. Various shelf wave models assume inviscid dynamics and other models assume a simple balance between surface and bottom stress in shallow water. To test the different assumptions behind these models, all terms in the governing equations need to be accurately estimated.

California↗
USGS2011

Book review: Geomagnetism of baked clays and recent sediments

This book is an outgrowth of the symposium entitled “Time Scales of Geomagnetic Secular Variations,” which was held at the 4th Assembly of the International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy (Edinburgh, U.K., August 1981). The volume includes many of the papers presented, which described paleomagnetic results from both archeologic materials and Holocene geologic deposits, as well as contributions solicited from other researchers in the fields of archeomagnetism and paleomagnetism. In a remarkably short time after the conclusion of the symposium the editors were able to elicit, edit, and assemble a large body of material from 40 individuals into a thoughtful, wellorganized product.

Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union↗
USGS2011

Deep continental margin reflectors

In contrast to the rarity of such observations a decade ago, seismic reflecting and refracting horizons are now being observed to Moho depths under continental shelves in a number of places. These observations provide knowledge of the entire crustal thickness from the shoreline to the oceanic crust on passive margins and supplement Consortium for Continental Reflection Profiling (COCORP)-type measurements on land.

Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union↗
USGS2011

GLORIA II sonograph mosaic of the western U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone

In 1983 the United States declared sovereign rights and jurisdiction over living and nonliving resources in an area extending 200 nautical miles (370 km) seaward from its shores. In response to the establishment of this Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has implemented a program, called EEZ‐Scan, to systematically map the EEZ, using the Geological Long‐ Range Inclined ASDIC (GLORIA) II longrange side scan sonar system developed by the Institute of Oceanographic Sciences (IOS) of Great Britain [Somers et al, 1978]. The first part of the EEZ‐Scan field program was completed in the summer of 1984, when USGS and IOS scientists surveyed the EEZ off the western conterminous United States aboard the British research vessel Farnella (Figure 1). The west coast survey, requiring 96 days of ship time and four separate legs, has resulted in virtually total sonograph coverage of the sea floor from the continental shelf break to the 200‐nautical mile limit between the Mexican and Canadian borders, an area of about 850,000 km 2 . Other data collected on the cruises included two‐channel digital seismic reflection and 3.5‐kHz highresolution and 10‐kHz bathymetric profiles, as well as towed magnetometer data along approximately 20,000 km of trackline spaced nominally at 30‐km intervals.

Western U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone↗
USGS2011

World slope map

A colored slope map (scale 1:80,000,000) was generated from digital land and sea floor elevations at 5‐min spacings from data tapes from the National Geophysical Data Center. Slope analysis is facilitated by examining the average slope in 250‐m altitude‐depth intervals both globally and in each of eight tectonic plates. The most striking feature of the map is the multiple parallel bands of steep slope at subduction zones. Submarine volcanic chains produce zones of steep slope that show little degradation at the scale of the map since the Cretaceous. The average slope, or roughness, of spreading ridges decreases exponentially with increasing spreading rate. The passive continental margins generate a steep zone at 1–2 km depth. The lowest average global slope (0.2°) occurs at sea level and reflects the base level that the sea provides for subaerial erosion and the upper limit for marine sedimentation. Slope minima also are caused by the abyssal plains at 4–6 km depth and by glacial ice caps at 3 km elevation.

Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union↗
USGS2011

High-energy nearshore processes

The problem of shoreline erosion has become a matter of much interest in the recent press. To some extent this interest has been driven by the slow rise in sea level that has lent an air of inevitabilty to matters. However, the discussions certainly become more focused by the approach of a major storm or hurricane: for instance, the 1985 scare associated with Hurricane Gloria. In fact, it is these major events that dominate the episodic erosion history of an area, and so it is on the basis of knowledge of these events that decisions are made on the development and management of our shorelines. Unfortunately, both our understanding of the fundamental processes and the extent to which our knowledge is transmitted to coastal planners is less than we might hope.

Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union↗
USGS2011

Hawaii Volcano Observatory 75th anniversary

The 75th anniversary of the founding of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) was celebrated during January 1987. The festivities began on January 9 with the opening in Hilo of a major exhibit at the Wailoa Center on the current work of HVO, its history, and its special relationship to Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. In addition to spectacular photographs of volcanic activity and HVO field work, the exhibit featured continuous showings of underwater footage taken during the recent eruptive activity (December 1986) and a computer monitor that displayed the activity of HVO seismic net in real time. The exhibit, which was coordinated by HVO librarian/photo archivist Taeko Jane Takahashi and which featured the professional work of HVO photographer J . D. Griggs, was well received and will probably form the core of a future traveling exhibit.

Hawaii↗
USGS2011

The periodic structure of the natural record, and nonlinear dynamics

Concepts of cyclicity in geology have involved many famous protagonists in the history of Earth sciences. Early in this century, sophisticated theories of terrestrial rhythms had been formulated by such pioneers as T. C. Chamberlin [1909], R. T. , Chamberlin [1914], Barrell [1917], Stille [1924], Joly [1925, 1930], Holmes [1926], Lull [1929], Schuchert [1932], Grabau [1940], and Umbgrove [1939 a,b, 1947] (see the review by Williams [1981]). The physical chemist S. Arrhenius [1908] had also formulated a general hypothesis for cosmological origins of terrestrial phenomena. Khain [1964] later proposed resonances between terrestrial and cosmological rhythms, and McCrea [1975] and Williams [1975] summarized evidence of galactic correlations with glaciation.

Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union↗
USGS2011

Geomorphic and hydrologic dynamics of zero-order basins

The 1987 International Symposium on Erosion and Sedimentation in the Pacific Rim, held August 3–7, 1987, in Corvallis, Oreg., included a special session on the geomorphic and hydrologic dynamics of zero-order drainage basins. “Zero-order basin” is one of several terms used to describe unchanneled swales or hollows that may occupy considerable areas of higher-order drainage basins. These basins serve as important accumulation sites for water, sediment, and accompanying contaminants that subsequently may enter streams. Moreover, in many terrains along the Pacific rim, zero-order basins are significant geologic hazard sites in which rapid landslides and debris flows commonly begin. Widespread recognition o f the importance of zero-order basins has occurred only within the last 15 years, and this special session was aimed at collecting and assessing some of the pertinent knowledge that has been gained to date.

Oregon↗