The influence of grazing on the spatiotemporal activity patterns of a primary sage-grouse nest predator

Abstract

Perturbations in ecological processes can occur when wildlife alter their spatiotemporal activity patterns to avoid human activities that they perceive as a risk. Such perturbations can have cascading effects throughout wildlife communities. For greater sage-grouse ( Centrocercus urophasianus ; hereafter sage-grouse), nest predation plays an important role in population dynamics. Domestic cattle ( Bos taurus ) grazing has been hypothesized to increase nest predation by reducing grass height, and therefore reducing nest concealment, which may facilitate nest detection by predators. Grass height is lower on grazed pastures, but sage-grouse nest success appears similar on pastures grazed at varying intensities in several recent studies. Any reductions in nest concealment caused by grazing could potentially be offset by a localized response of one or more nest predators to the presence of cattle (i.e., the cattle avoidance hypothesis). A reduction in nest predator density or relative use within pastures could explain similar patterns of nest success on pastures grazed at varying intensities. Also, wildlife can potentially partition themselves temporally to avoid risks associated with human activities. For example, a shift in diel activity patterns by nest predators in response to cattle could result in predators being active during portions of the day when they are less efficient at locating sage-grouse nests. Thus, the effects of grazing could be offset by a temporal avoidance of cattle by predators. We deployed motion sensor cameras across six pastures to evaluate whether coyotes ( Canis latrans ; a primary sage-grouse nest predator) altered spatiotemporal activity patterns in response to cattle. We found that the probability of detecting coyotes had a positive relationship with cattle detections at camera sites (β = 0.22; 95% CI = 0.14,0.30). We also found that coyotes did not shift their diel activity patterns in response to cattle being in the pastures. Thus, in our system, similar sage-grouse nest success among pastures with different grazing intensities cannot be explained by the cattle avoidance hypothesis, at least for coyotes.