Abiotic and biotic factors related to growth of non-native Walleyes in Lake Pend Oreille, Idaho

Abstract

Objective Growth is one of the primary drivers of fish population dynamics and understanding factors influencing growth is vital to effective management of fish populations. This study investigated potential factors influencing growth of a recently established, non-native population of Walleye Sander vitreus in the Lake Pend Oreille system in northern Idaho. Methods We used relative growth index to describe growth of Walleyes relative to populations across North America. Mixed‐effects modeling was used to relate growth to abiotic (i.e., mean summer water temperature, river inflow) and biotic (i.e., kokanee Oncorhynchus nerka abundance and biomass; opossum shrimp Mysis diluviana density) variables. Models were ranked using Akaike's information criterion corrected for small sample size. Individual variability in growth was related to diet represented by stable isotopes (i.e., δ 15 N, δ 13 C) using linear regression for age‐1, age‐2, age‐3, and age‐5 individuals. Subsequently, for each age‐class, we evaluated differences in δ 15 N and δ 13 C between fast‐growing (i.e., 75th and higher percentiles of growth) and slow‐growing (i.e., 25th and lower percentiles of growth) individuals. Results The relative growth index suggested that Walleye grew fast relative to other populations, particularly those at similar latitudes to the Lake Pend Oreille system. Mixed-effects regression modeling indicated that growth of Walleyes was positively associated with temperature as well as abundance and biomass of kokanee; growth was negatively associated with inflow from the Clark Fork River and Mysis diluviana density. The top model explaining growth of Walleyes contained temperature and abundance of kokanee as environmental variables. The second equally plausible (i.e., within 2 AICc) model contained temperature. Growth of Walleyes varied among individuals. Generally, fast-growing Walleyes had higher δ15N than slow-growing Walleyes. Similarly, δ13C was more depleted in the fast-growing individuals for all age classes, except age 1, suggesting that age-1 individuals used higher proportions of littoral prey items compared to other age classes. Conclusion This study showed that kokanee abundance and temperature appeared to be important factors influencing growth of Walleyes in the Lake Pend Oreille system. Additionally, variability in growth appeared to be related to variability in diet, particularly for age-1 Walleyes. Impact statement Growth of Walleyes has been extensively studied, yet few studies have evaluated growth of Walleyes in novel systems or assessed individual variability in growth. Our research adds to the understanding of individual variability in growth and factors influencing population dynamics of non-native Walleyes.