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Biological assessments of aquatic ecosystems

Charles P. Hawkins·Daren M. Carlisle
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Abstract

The aim of biological assessments (or bioassessments) is to provide decision makers and managers the scientific information and tools needed to protect and restore aquatic life. Biological assessments typically include several critical elements, including development of ecological indicators, indices of ecological status, benchmarks by which to gauge impairment, ways to identify the stressors causing ecological impairment, and biological criteria and standards to protect aquatic life. New scientific tools are emerging that should improve the accuracy and precision of biological assessments, but the major challenges to effective protection and restoration of aquatic life are political and economic rather than scientific.

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Charles P. Hawkins, Daren M. Carlisle. 2022. Biological assessments of aquatic ecosystems. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-819166-8.00100-6

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