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USGS · 70045837

Type E botulism outbreaks: a manual for beach managers and the public

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Abstract

The Great Lakes basin has undergone a resurgence of Type E botulism (often referred to as avian botulism) in recent years, characterized by dead birds and fish along the shores of the Great Lakes. The number of deaths and areas affected appear to be increasing to levels that induce concern about the ecological health of the Great Lakes nearshore waters.

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2012. Type E botulism outbreaks: a manual for beach managers and the public. https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/70045837

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