Geology topics
Research about Michigan
Source-linked reports with geographic coverage including Michigan.
Bedrock geologic map of the Greenwood quadrangle, Marquette County, Michigan
The Marquette Iron Range is presently ( 1973) the second largest iron mining district in the United States. Commercial iron deposits, now mostly concentrating-grade ore, are in the Negaunee Iron-formation, which is part of a thick sequence of metasedimentary rocks of Precambrian X age. These rocks are preserved in the west-trending Marquette synclinorium, and are flanked to the north and south by older Precambrian W crystalline rocks (fig. 1). The Greenwood quadrangle includes part of· the central Marquette Range and part of the Precambrian W rocks south of the range. No mines are active in the quadrangle, but appreciable quantities of iron-formation may be future concentrating-grade iron ore reserves.
Reconnaissance of the upper Au Sable River a cold-water river in the north-central part of Michigan's southern peninsula
The Au Sable River is one of Michigan’s most popular trout streams and canoe trails. Its riverside campgrounds are enjoyed by thousands of campers each year, and many cabins and homes have been built on its banks. At present, interests of the different recreationists – fishermen, canoers, campers, and riverside property owners – conflict. The conflict results from the face that the recreational potential is limited by the hydrologic characteristics of the river – its streamflow, quality of water, and character of stream channel, bed, and banks. The purpose of this report is to describe these characteristics and to show how they relate to the recreational potential of the stream. From its headwaters near Frederic the Au Sable flows southward to Grayling, then generally eastward to Lake Huron at Oscoda. Recreational use of the river is concentrated in the segment starting at Grayling and extending downstream to Wakeley Bridge, about 15 river miles. This report is concerned mainly with this part of the river.
Hydrologic Unit Map -- 1974, State of Michigan
This map and accompanying table show Hydrologic Units that are basically hydrographic in nature. The Cataloging Units shown will supplant the Cataloging Units previously used by the U.S. Geological Survey in its Catalog of Information on Water Data (1966-72). The previous U.S. Geological Survey Catalog-Indexing System was by map number and letter, such as 49 M. The boundaries shown have been adapted from "The Catalog of Information on Water Data" (1972), "Water Resources Regions and Subregions for the National Assessment of Water and Related Land Resources" by the U.S. Water Resources Council (1970), " River Basins of the United States" by the U.S. Soil Conservation Service (1963, 1970), "River Basin Maps Showing Hydrologic Stations" by the Inter-Agency Committee on Water Resources, Subcommittee on Hydrology (1961), and States planning maps.
Hard iron ore at the Cliffs Shaft Mines, Ishpeming, Michigan
At the Cliffs Shaft Mines, for many years the premiere hard iron ore mine of Michigan, bodies of ore typically are localized in the upper part of the Negaunee iron-formation, close beneath Goodrich Quartzite in the axial part of the Marquette synclinorium. Individual ore bodies may be as much as 100 feet thick and extend laterally for many hundreds of feet. The cluster of ore bodies making up the Cliffs Shaft deposit has an overall length of about 4,500 feet from east to west parallel to the axis of the syncliorium and a width of 1,500 feet from north to south. The deposit extends beneath much of the City of Ishpeming, from a short distance west of the city limits to almost the east edge of the city.
Water resources data for Michigan, water year 1973; Part 1, Surface water records
Surface-water records for the 1973 water year for gaging stations, partial-record stations, and miscellaneous sites within the State of Michigan are given in this report. For convenience there are also included records for a few pertinent gaging stations in bordering States. The records were collected and computed by the Water Resources Division of the U.S. Geological Survey, under the direction of T.R. Cummings, district chief. These data represent that portion of the National Water Data System collected by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating State and Federal agencies in Michigan. Records of discharge and stage of streams, and contents and stage of lakes or reservoirs are published in a series of U.S. Geological Survey water-supply papers entitled "Surface Water Supply of the United States". Through September 30, 1960, these water-supply papers were in an annual series and since then are in a 5-year series. Since 1951 there have been 20 volumes in the series; each volume covered an area whose boundaries coincided with those of certain natural drainage areas. The records in Michigan are contained in Part 4 of that series. Beginning with the 1961 water year, streamflow records and related data have been released by the Geological Survey in annual reports on a State-boundary basis. Distribution of these basic-data reports is limited and primarily for local needs.
Water resources data for Michigan, water year 1974; Part 2, Water quality records
Water resources data for the 1974 water year for Michigan include records of data for the chemical and physical characteristics of surface and ground waters. Data on the quality of surface water (chemical, temperature, and sediment) were collected from designated sampling sites at predetermined intervals such as once-daily, weekly, monthly or less frequently, and at some sites data were recorded on punched paper tape at 60-minute intervals. Records are given for 280 sampling stations, of which 46 are continuous-record stations, 195 are partial-record stations, and 39 are miscellaneous sites. Records of chemical analyses also are given for 30 ground-water sites. Location of surface-water quality stations are shown in Figures 1 and 2. The records were collected by the Water Resources Division of the U.S. Geological Survey under the direction of T. R. Cummings, district chief. These data represent that portion of the National Water Data System collected by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating State and Federal agencies in Michigan. The Geological Survey has published records of chemical quality, water temperatures, and sediment since 1941 in an annual series of water-supply papers entitled, "Quality of Surface Waters of the United States." Beginning with the 1964 water year, water-quality records have been released by the Geological Survey in annual reports on a State-boundary basis. These reports are for limited distribution and are designed primarily for rapid release of data shortly after the end of the water year. These records will be published later in Geological Survey water-supply papers.
Stratigraphic relationships within the Baraga Group of Precambrian age, central Upper Peninsula, Michigan
Details of the stratigraphic section in parts of northern Michigan have been known for many years, but correlation of units between geographically separated areas has been partly speculative. Mapping in the Witch Lake quadrangle has filled the gap between well-studied areas of the Marquette trough and parts of Iron and Dickinson Counties and has helped to correlate units in the Baraga Group (Precambrian X). Iron-formations are important marker beds; because of their magnetic properties they can be traced with certainty through poorly exposed areas. The magnetic Fence River Formation is now known to be stratigraphically beneath the Bijiki Iron-formation Member of the Michigamme Formation but may be equivalent to the Greenwood Iron-formation Member which crops out in parts of the Marquette trough to the east The Hemlock Formation (volcanic) underlies the Fence River and has been traced from near its type locality in Iron County to the south flank of the Marquette trough. These relationships provide the key to understanding the lateral facies changes responsible for the stratigraphic complexities of the Baraga Group.
Effects of temperature on embryonic development of lake herring ( Coregonus artedii )
Embryonic development of lake herring ( Coregonus artedii ) was observed in the laboratory at 13 constant temperatures from 0.0 to 12.1 C and in Pickerel Lake (Washtenaw County, Michigan) at natural temperature regimes. Rate of development during incubation was based on progression of the embryos through 20 identifiable stages. An equation was derived to predict development stage at constant temperatures, on the general assumption that development stage (DS) is a function of time (days, D) and temperature (T). The equation should also be useful in interpreting estimates from future regressions that include other environmental variables that affect egg development. A second regression model, derived primarily for fluctuating temperatures, related development rate for stage j (DR j ), expressed as the reciprocal of time, to temperature (x). The generalized equation for a development stage is: DR j = ab x c x 2 d x 3 . In general, time required for embryos to reach each stage of development in Pickerel Lake agreed closely with the time predicted from this equation, derived from our laboratory observations. Hatching time was predicted within 1 day in 1969 and within 2 days in 1970. We used the equations derived with the second model to predict the effect of the superimposition of temperature increases of 1 and 2 C on the measured temperatures in Pickerel Lake. Conceivably, hatching dates could be affected sufficiently to jeopardize the first feeding of lake herring through loss of harmony between hatching date and seasonal food availability.
Water resources of the Clinton River basin, southeastern Michigan
This hydrologic atlas is part of a comprehensive study of the water resources of southeastern Michigan. The data presented provides information on (1) the physical features of the Clinton River and its tributaries, (2) the characteristics of streamflow, (3) the quality of ground and surface water, and (4) the availability of ground water. This atlas is one in a series on the river basins of southeastern Michigan.
Geologic map of the Marenisco and Wakefield NE quadrangles, Gogebic County, Michigan
No abstract available.
Relation of channel slope to reaeration of Michigan streams
Reaeration coefficients (k 2 ), which are rate constants for the process of oxygen absorption from the atmosphere, have been computed for Michigan's streams using an equation developed by Bennett and Rathbun (1972). Mean velocity and mean depth data, which are necessary for the computation, have been extracted from discharge measurements made at gaging stations throughout the State. The computed k 2 values have been related to channel slopes obtained from topographic maps. Regression equations have been derived that express the relation of k 2 to slope for streams at mean flow, median flow, 7-day 2-year low flow, and 7-day 10-year low flow. The equations indicate that an increase in channel slope or a decrease in streamflow increases k 2 .