Research about Cross Creeks National Wildlife Refuge, Tennessee National Wildlife Refuge

Lead exposure and recovery rates of black ducks banded in Tennessee

American black ducks ( Anas rubripes ) wintering in Tennessee during 1986 to 1988 were tested for exposure to lead. Twelve percent of the birds had blood lead concentrations exceeding 0.2 ppm. Significant differences in the prevalence of lead exposure were found for adults (14.4%) and juveniles (8.2%). Exposed birds had higher blood lead concentrations at one study site, corresponding with a lower survival index.