From start to stop: Simple methods for mapping susceptibility to landslide runout and debris-flow inundation
Landslide runout and debris-flow inundation can disrupt areas well beyond their initial sources, causing widespread damage and extensive fatalities. Understanding where they start and how far they might travel is essential in many locations worldwide. However, most landslide susceptibility maps focus on initiation areas and fail to incorporate runout areas. Furthermore, hazards vary greatly with the degree of landslide mobility, and debris flows can grow as they travel beyond their initial source. Here, we use the USGS Grfin Tools software suite to map susceptible areas from start to stop in the Federated States of Micronesia where landslide and debris-flows runout onto gentle ground is a deadly threat. The DEM-based models in Grfin Tools use simple, empirical, and well-documented approaches that require minimal parameters and, thus, can be used in areas that lack detailed physical properties. We illustrate methods to estimate the required parameters using direct landslide observations, and we suggest alternate methods if direct observations are absent. Our simple parameter estimations in the Federated States of Micronesia successfully predict areas that match past landslide runout and debris-flow inundation, as well as zones with no inundation. In addition to creating preliminary regional assessments, Grfin Tools can be used for comparing multiple scenarios and/or identifying areas for further investigations.