S.L. Lewis | USGS Science

USGS2011

A large and persistent carbon sink in the world's forests

The terrestrial carbon sink has been large in recent decades, but its size and location remain uncertain. Using forest inventory data and long-term ecosystem carbon studies, we estimate a total forest sink of 2.4 ± 0.4 petagrams of carbon per year (Pg C year –1 ) globally for 1990 to 2007. We also estimate a source of 1.3 ± 0.7 Pg C year –1 from tropical land-use change, consisting of a gross tropical deforestation emission of 2.9 ± 0.5 Pg C year –1 partially compensated by a carbon sink in tropical forest regrowth of 1.6 ± 0.5 Pg C year –1 . Together, the fluxes comprise a net global forest sink of 1.1 ± 0.8 Pg C year –1 , with tropical estimates having the largest uncertainties. Our total forest sink estimate is equivalent in magnitude to the terrestrial sink deduced from fossil fuel emissions and land-use change sources minus ocean and atmospheric sinks.

Science↗

USGS2008

Experimental and field observations of breach dynamics accompanying erosion of Marmot Cofferdam, Sandy River, Oregon

A key issue faced in dam removal is the rate and timing of remobilization and discharge of stored reservoir sediments following the removal. Different removal strategies can result in different trajectories of upstream sediment transport and knickpoint migration. We examine this issue of for the Marmot Dam removal in Sandy River, Oregon, USA using both physical experiments and field studies accompanying removal of the dam in October 2007. The physical experiment was designed to provide insights on how and if the position of a cofferdam notch will affect how reservoir sediments are remobilized, with the goal of minimizing the volume of sediment stranded in terraces. Data and observations indicate that at lower failure discharges, notch position impacts the location of cofferdam failure as well as the location of the first major knickpoint and its trajectory. In particular, notch positions that force the river to migrate laterally in order to adjust to natural valley orientation and morphology were most effective in removing larger volumes of sediment and reducing terrace heights. Actual cofferdam notching to maximize erosion produced extremely rapid and significant erosion of reservoir sediments. Comparison of model results with field observations suggests that the physical experiments provided solid predictions of rates of erosion and overall knickpoint trajectory.

Conference Paper↗