Predation of Lost River and Shortnose suckers by piscivorous colonial waterbirds in the Upper Klamath Basin: An analysis of predation effects during 2021–2023
Previously published research indicated that predation by piscivorous colonial waterbirds in the Upper Klamath Basin was a source of mortality for Lost River suckers ( Deltistes luxatus ) and Shortnose suckers ( Chasmistes brevirostris ), including mortality of Sucker Assisted Rearing Program (SARP) fish. Avian predation on recently released Chinook Salmon ( Oncorhynchus tshawytscha ) in the Upper Klamath Basin has not been studied. To provide fisheries managers with the most up-to-date information, we estimated predation rates on passive integrated transponder tagged (PIT) suckers and Chinook Salmon by breeding colonies of American White Pelicans ( Pelecanus erythrorhynchos ), Double-crested Cormorants ( Nannopterum auritum ), Caspian Terns ( Hydroprogne caspia ), California Gulls ( Larus californicus ), Ring-billed Gulls ( L. delawarensis ), Great Blue Herons ( Ardea herodias ), and Great Egrets ( A. alba ) during 2021–2023. Predation rate estimates were variable depending on the fish species, age-class (juvenile, adult), waterbody (Upper Klamath Lake, Clear Lake Reservoir, Sheepy Lake), and year. Results indicated that avian predation rates were highest on juvenile suckers and on suckers in Clear Lake Reservoir. SARP fish released in the spring/summer were more likely to be consumed by breeding birds than those released in the fall/winter, although the number of fish released in the fall/winter that survived to the spring/summer was unknown and could bias predation estimates low. Predation rate estimates on Chinook Salmon varied by year, release timing (spring/summer, fall/winter), release location (Upper Klamath Lake, Klamath River), and age-class (subyearling, yearling). The location and size of colonies were also highly variable depending on the bird species, colony location, and year. Future research could focus on identifying biotic and abiotic factors associated with sucker susceptibility to piscivorous colonial waterbirds and determining to what degree avian predation limits the recovery of suckers in the Upper Klamath Basin.