Concentrations and transport of atrazine in the Delaware River-Perry Lake system, northeast Kansas, July 1993 through September 1995
A study of the distribution and transport of atrazine in surface water in the 1,117 square-mile Delaware River Basin in northeast Kansas was conducted from July 1992 through September 1995. The purpose of this report is to present information to assess the present (1992-95) con ditions and possible future changes in the distri bution and magnitude of atrazine concentrations, loads, and yields spatially, temporally, and in rela tion to hydrologic conditions and land-use characteristics. A network of 11 stream-monitoring and sam-ple-collection sites was established within the basin. Stream-water samples were collected during a wide range of hydrologic conditions throughout the study. Nearly 5,000 samples were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for triazine herbicide concentrations. Daily mean triazine herbicide concentrations were calculated for all sampling sites and subsequently used to estimate daily mean atrazine concentrations with a linear-regression relation between ELISA-derived triazine concentrations and atrazine concentrations determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry for 141 dual-analyzed surface-water samples. During May, June, and July, time-weighted, daily mean atrazine concentrations in streams in the Delaware River Basin commonly exceeded the value of the 3.0-μg/L (micrograms per liter) annual mean Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for drinking-water supplies. Time-weighted, daily mean concentrations equal to or greater than 20 μg/L were not uncommon. However, most time-weighted, daily mean concentrations were less than 1.0 μg/L from August through April. The largest time-weighted, monthly mean atrazine concentrations occurred during May, June, and July. Most monthly mean concentrations between August and April were less than 0.50 μg/L. Large differences were documented in monthly mean concentrations within the basin. Sites receiving runoff from the northern and northeastern parts of the Delaware River Basin had the largest monthly and annual mean atrazine concentrations. Time-weighted, annual mean atrazine concen trations did not exceed the MCL in water from any sampling site for either the 1993 or 1994 crop years (April—March); however, concentrations were larger during 1994 than during 1993. Time- weighted, annual mean concentrations in water from among the 11 sampling sites during the 1993 crop year ranged from 0.27 to 1.5 μg/L and from 0.36 to 2.8 μg/L during the 1994 crop year. Fur thermore, concentrations in samples from the out- flow of Perry Lake were larger during the first 6 months of the 1995 crop year than during the previous year. Flow-weighted, annual mean atrazine concentrations were larger than time-weighted, annual mean concentrations in water from all sampling sites upstream of Perry Lake, and samples from several sites had concentrations that were substantially larger than the MCL. This difference explained why time-weighted, annual mean concentrations in the outflow of Perry Lake were larger than corresponding time-weighted concentrations in water from sampling sites upstream of Perry Lake. Flow-weighted, annual mean concentrations in water from among the 11 sampling sites during the 1993 crop year ranged from 1.0 to 4.4 and from 1.0 to 8.9 μg/L during the 1994 crop year. Statistically significant linear-regression equa tions were identified relating the percentage of subbasin in cropland to time- and flow-weighted, average annual mean atrazine concentrations. The relations indicate that time-weighted, average annual mean atrazine concentrations may not exceed the MCL in water from subbasins with at least about 70-percent cropland. However, flow- weighted, average annual mean atrazine concen trations may exceed the MCL when the percent- age of cropland is greater than about 40 percent. Approximately 90 percent of the annual atrazine load is transported from May through July. Atrazine loads and yields were larger during the 1993 crop year than during the 1994 crop year because of much greater runoff in 1993. Yields at sampling sites upstream of Perry Lake ranged from 2.4 to 17 lb/mi2 (pounds per square mile) during the 1993 crop year and from 0.29 to 4.4 lb/mi2 during the 1994 crop year. Loads and yields were largest at sampling sites receiving runoff from the northern and northeastern parts of the Delaware River Basin. A statistically significant linear-regression equation was identified relating percentage of subbasin in cropland to atrazine yields. About 283,000 lb (pounds) of atrazine are applied each year in the Delaware River Basin. Annual atrazine loads (5,200 and 2,000 lb), yields (4.7 and 1.8 lb/mi2), and transport ratios (1.8 and 0.7 percent) were estimated for the entire Delaware River Basin for the 1993 and 1994 crop years, respectively. Differences between the 1993 and 1994 crop years are the result of differences in rainfall amounds and subsequent runoff volumes.