The next generation of products and methodologies to establish biocrusts in degraded ecosystems
Biological soil crusts (biocrusts) – thin, coherent soil surface layers aggregated and inhabited by communities of tiny photoautotrophic and heterotrophic organisms – support ecosystem functioning in drylands and influence the Earth system. Biocrust loss due to disturbance, global change and land use leads to altered hydrological function, susceptibility to erosion and diminished biogeochemical cycling, with consequences extending to regional and global environmental quality and ecosystem service provisioning. To restore degraded drylands, specific techniques could inform how to 1. produce biocrust biota ex situ for use as an inoculum in degraded environments and then 2. encourage the establishment of the inoculum in high-stress environments. To re-establish lost biocrusts, a promising pathway could be the integration of adding biocrust biota (inoculation), ensuring that it stays where applied (retention) and softening environmental stresses and limitations (amelioration) at approximately the same time. Several techniques, most of them developed in only the past few years, demonstrate this integration: biocrust sods, cloths, pellets, capsules and slurries. Biocrust sods are fabric-reinforced patches of biocrust growing on soil, produced in farms and transported to and deployed intact in field sites. Biocrust cloths are fabrics and sheets with biocrust biota grown directly on their surface in greenhouse-based fog chambers that can be attached to soil in the field. Biocrust pellets are small, protective pieces of a binder material (often clay) infused with biocrust inoculum. Biocrust capsules are biodegradable gel capsules filled with biocrust inoculum, often with protective substances. Both pellets and capsules are broadcast over degraded soils. Biocrust slurries are semi-liquid suspensions of biocrust inoculum and other solids that are sprayed or spread in degraded sites. Emerging techniques like these have the potential to restore highly functional drylands and their ecosystem services. Potential applications include ecological restoration of dryland areas disturbed by fire, overgrazing, agriculture, mining and other factors or environmental engineering in other contexts such as cultural heritage sites, croplands or human infrastructure. The next-generation techniques for biocrust restoration described here are tools that could be applied to solve small- to medium-scaled challenges now and with increased production efficiency and informed, strategic use of the products, large-scaled challenges in the future.