Geology topics

F. F. Fish

Publications and source records attributed to F. F. Fish.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

USGS2009

A fungus disease in fishes of the Gulf of Maine

1. A fungus disease of epidemic proportions was found in the common sea herring (Clupea harengus) throughout the Gulf of Maine. 2. The fungus was also found to infect the common winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus) and the alewife (Pomobolus pseudoharengus). 3. The causative agent was found to be a species of fungus belonging to the genus Ichthyosporidium Caullery and Mesnil (1905). The specific name is tentatively accepted as hoferi Plehn and Muslow (1911). 4. The organism is believed to be a normal parasite to the herring and reaches epidemic proportions only when certain unknown factors are operative. 5. The causative organism was found in herring preserved in 1926, and it is believed that the epidemic has been increasing in severity since that time. 6. It is believed that such an epidermic,once initiated, increases in severity, reaches a peak, and subsides to a subpatent level. The peak is believed to have been reached in 1931. 7. The life history and effects of the organism in the herring and flounder are described. 8. The herring is believed to acquire the infection by the ingestion of parasites liberated from fish in the same school. 9. The flounder is believed to acquire the infection by the consumption of infected herring. 10. The alewife is believed to acquire the infection by ingestion of the parasite during its infrequent association with the herring. 11. Infection is believed to be established by way of the alimentary canal and, once established, to spread throughout the host by way of the blood stream or the lymphatics. 12. Direct cross infection from the herring to the flounder establishes the theory that the parasites in these two hosts are one and the same organism. 13. Direct cross infection experiments from the herring to the flounder eliminate the necessity of an intermediate host. 14. There is no reason to believe that this parasite is capable of infecting warm-blooded animals.

Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, New Brunswick↗

USGS1950

Pollution in the lower Columbia Basin in 1948 with particular reference to the Willamette River

Development of the salmon resources of the lower Columbia River Basin appears as sound insurance against the threat of a serious reduction in the runs to the upper river areas through the multiple-purpose programs of water development now under way by the Corps of Engineers, the Bureau of Reclamation, and private interests. Any comprehensive plan for the full development of the fisheries resources in the lower Columbia Basin must be predicated upon accurate knowledge of the waters therein polluted to a degree affecting fish life. Pollution surveys have been made in the lower Columbia Basin at various times in the past -- the most intensive studies having been made in the Willamette Valley.

Oregon↗

USGS1948

A report upon the Grand Coulee Fish Maintenance Project 1939-1947

The construction or Grand Coulee Dam, on the upper Columbia River, involved the loss of 1,140 lineal miles of spawning and rearing stream to the production of anadromous fishes. The fact that the annual value of these fish runs to the nation was estimated at $250,000 justified reasonable expenditures to assure their perpetuation. It was found economically infeasible to safely collect and pass adult fish upstream and fingerling fish downstream at the dam because of the tremendous flow of the river and the 320 foot vertical difference in elevation between forebay and tailrace. The Grand Coulee Fish-Maintenance Project, undertaken by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service in 1939, consisted in relocating the anadroumous runs of the upper Columbia River to four major tributaries entering below the Grand Coulee damsite. These streams were believed capable of supporting several times their existing, badly depleted, run. The plan was predicated upon the assumption that the relocated runs, in conformity with their "homing tendency", would return to the lower tributaries rather than attempt to reach their ancestral spawning grounds above Grand Coulee Dam. This interim report covers the history and accomplishments of the Grand Coulee Fish-Maintenance Project through the initial period of relocating the rune as well as the first four years of the permanent program. Results obtained to date indicate conclusive success in diverting the upper Columbia fish runs into the accessible lower tributaries. The results also indicate, less conclusively, that - in spite of many existing handicaps - the upper Columbia salmon and steelhead runs may be rehabilitated through the integrated program of natural and artificial propagation incorporated in the Grand Coulee Fish-Maintenance Project.

Washington↗

USGS1947

Disease control in hatchery fish

A direct method for controlling diseases among hatchery fish has long been sought as an alternative to the earlier technique of hand dipping. A simple, practical, effective method of direct pond treatment not only obviates all need for handling fish weakened by disease, but it would materially reduce the time and effort required by hatcherymen in keeping diseases under control. Furthermore, a direct pond treatment could be used for routine prophylaxis to eradicate diseases during their incipient stages--long before their presence becomes apparent. Several methods for applying direct pond treatments in coldwater-fish culture have been proposed. Kingsbury and Embody (1932) developed a technique for applying disinfectants directly to the inflowing water of a pond. Later, Fish (1939) advocated a method involving the recirculation of a disinfecting solution through a fish pond. For various reasons, neither of these methods proved to be an effective answer to the problem of controlling hatchery diseases and neither became widely adopted. The method described herein has been extensively tested, both in the laboratory and at the producing hatchery, over a period of several years. Once familiarity with the details of application have been mastered, th8 reduction in effort required to treat fish is amazing. For example, two men have treated 20 large ponds containing several million fish, in one morning with no significant increase in mortality of the fish, whereas a crew of eight men required a full day to treat a single similar pond by hand dipping the fish with a subsequent loss approximating 50 percent of the stock.

Fishery Leaflet↗

USGS1941

Notes on Costia Necatrix

Costiasis, or the disease produced by the flagellated protozoan ectoparasite, Costia necatrix, is of considerable importance in the artificial propagation of both warm- and cold-water fishes. In spite of its importance, costiasis seldom is accurately diagnosed probably because of the extremely small size and sedentary nature of the causative organism. A general resume of the specific diagnostic characteristics, pathology, and recommended measures for the prevention and control of Costia necatrix are presented. The application of available information concerning the parasite may eliminate effectively the losses of fish in hatcheries occasioned by it.

Transactions of the American Fisheries Society↗

USGS1940

Calomel versus carbarsone

No parasite common to hatchery salmon and trout possesses quite so varied a reputation as does Octomitus salmonis. Discovered, studied, and described independently, but essentially simultaneously, by Dr. Emmeline Moore and Dr. H. S. Davis, Octomitus salmonis was introduced to fish culture during the early twenties. This easily found and widely distributed parasite, once recognized, was soon held responsible for practically every ailment noted in trout hatcheries at that time. Such a reputation was doubtless deserved in some instances, but unquestionably many losses ascribed to Octomitus salmonis actually resulted from such troubles as bacterial gill disease, which was then unknown, or from less easily found parasites such as Costia necatrlx. As might be expected, the pendulum of opinion gradually swung to the other extreme.

Progressive Fish-Culturist↗

USGS1939

Disease prevention in the trout hatchery

With the comparatively recent evolution of fish hatching into true fish culture the problems offered by fish disease have likewise evolved from more or less of a petty annoyance into a first class headache.

Progressive Fish-Culturist↗

USGS1939

Notes on the effect of low temperature upon eyed eggs

The question has sometimes been raised whether or not any permanent injury may be inflicted upon fish eggs through their subjection to the relatively low temperatures prevailing in egg cases during shipment. This question may be argued in either direction purely upon the basis of indirect evidence which can be summoned in support of either contention. In so far as is known, this question has not been investigated, hence preliminary experiments in this direction were undertaken at the Quilcene Experimental Laboratory.

Progressive Fish-Culturist↗

USGS1939

Notes on Myxobolus inoratus , n sp, a Myxosporidian, parasitic in the black bass ( Huro floridana , Le Sueur)

A largemouth black bass fingerling preserved in formalin was sent to the U.S. Bureau of Fisheries Pathology Laboratory at Seattle, Washington, during the autumn of 1937, by a hatchery employee at Miles City, Montana. The fish exhibited several wart-like protuberances on the caudal peduncle, which aroused the curiosity of Mr. H. C. Topel, in charge of fish distribution at Miles City. He had observed the gradually increasing numbers of these lesions on the fish at this station for several years previous to 1937. Mr. Topel estimated that in 1937, 20 per cent of the adult bass were infected at the time of distribution, and lesions were noted on the fingerling and yearling stock as well.

Transactions of the American Fisheries Society↗

USGS1939

Simplified methods for the prolonged treatment of fish diseases

The prevention or control of epidemics of fish diseases by applying a disinfecting solution in a uniform concentration directly to the water supply of a fish pond or trough for a definite period of time has been exceedingly slow in development. In so far as can be determined, the original idea should be credited to. Marsh and Robinson (1910). In their work on the control of algae in fish ponds by the continuous application of dilute copper sulphate solution, administered to the inflowing water supply by means of a floating syphon, they suggested this method as a possibility in the treatment of fish diseases. Following their work, this commendable idea seems to have remained quite dormant and apparently forgotten until Hess (1930) revived it twenty or more years later. This worker found that a prolonged immersion in a dilute disinfecting bath was more efficacious in remowng fluke parasites from goldfish than was the customary short "hand dip" method. Kingsbury and Embody (1932) later adapted the idea of a prolonged treatment to running water by the use of a float valve for maintaining a constant level in a reservoir, resulting in a constant flow to the pond or trough to be treated. Shortly thereafter, Fish (1933) modified the floating syphon of Marsh and Robinson, as it was a simpler apparatus than that of Kingsbury and Embody.

Transactions of the American Fisheries Society↗

USGS1939

Observations on Henneguya salminicola Ward, a myxosporidian parasitic in Pacific salmon

Henneguya salminicola was described in 1919 by Dr. H. B. Ward from cysts found in the body musculature of a silver salmon ( Oncorhynchus kisutch Walbaum) taken from the Stickeen River in southeastern Alaska. Ward described the cysts as “pyriform, fairly uniform in size, and hard to the touch. . . . The cysts measured 3 to 6 mm in diameter and were found everywhere through the muscle mass.” Zschokke and Heitz (1914) had previously encountered cysts measuring 3 to 5 mm in a silver salmon during a parasitological survey of salmonid fishes of the Kamchatka peninsula. Myxosporidian spores within the cysts were identified by these workers as those of Henneguya aschokkei Gurley, although they gave no details as to the spores found and it seems quite probable that Kudo (1920) was correct in his assumption that these spores belonged to the same species which was later described by Ward as H. salminicola .

Journal of Parasitology↗

USGS1938

Treat - think - and be wary, for tomorrow they may die

For some very strange reason it is easy to minimize the villian's role, played by disease-producing organisms, in the theater of modern fish culture. Much concern is felt over the food bills footed each month by the hatcheries, but very little is thought about the dead fish which are picked from the hatchery troughs during the same period.

Progressive Fish-Culturist↗

USGS1937

Furunculosis in wild trout

Furunculosis, or as it has been more appropiately termed, "fish septicemia," is a disease primarily affecting salmon and trout. It is caused by the invasion and growth of Bacterium salmonicida Emmerich and Weibel, a Gram negative, non-spore forming, diplobacterium belonging to the family Bacteriaceae Cohn. After gaining entrance to the host, presumably by way of the digestive tract, the organism is spread by the blood stream and produces focal necrosis and subsequent liquefaction throughout the tissues. The more conspicuous gross lesions are those of the body musculature, characterized by the formation of deep seated "boils" or "bloody blotches"—blisters filled with liquefied muscle tissue and blood. Under favorable conditions, the muscle lesions enlarge rapidly and eventually rupture through the skin producing a characteristic, ragged, deep, undermining type of ulcer. Although the muscle lesions are most conspicuous, essentially the same progressive necrosis and liquefaction are to be found throughout the internal organs, particularly in the spleen and kidneys. The host has no adequate defense mechanism against this disease and no verified recovery from furunculosis has ever been recorded. Cases may be arrested by low water temperatures or other adverse factors, only to break out with renewed vigor when conditions again become favorable. The reader is referred to Plehn, Davis, Williamson, and Duff and Stewart for a more complete description of furunculosis.

Copeia↗

USGS1936

Founders of fish culture - European origins

Just where true fish culture appeared in history depends entirely upon what one considers fish culture to be. If the transportation of fishes from regions of plenty to those of few is to be regarded as fish culture - as it is by some even today - then this story should start in remotest antiquity and deal with an amazing series of failures. However, fish culture to be classed as a science must include far more than mere transportation, it must include a deliberate effort on the part of man to master a technique of fish raising which will yield results far superior to Nature's. Accordingly, the wheel of history must be spun forward to the fifteenth century, A. D., when man first conceived the idea that with care and exactitude, he could improve upon Nature. The fish cultural efforts of the Chinese, the Egyptians, the Greeks, and the Romans may be skipped over in a hurry, for they represented little more than the transportation and rearing of wild fish. With the renaissance of modern civilization in Europe came the birth of scientific fish culture.

Progressive Fish-Culturist↗

USGS1935

The microscope in the hatchery

Without the aid of the microscope, it is safe to assume that fish Culture would now stand exactly where it did seventy-five years ago when methods of artificial fertilization were first applied. It is also safe to assume that the results from fish culture would be as unsatisfactory as they were at that time when the fishery resources were steadily declining in spite of the increased liberation of advanced fry from the hatcheries. During the past few years the microscope has saved millions of fish in our hatcheries which otherwise would have been sacrificed to disease. Moreover, the microscope has permitted all of the recent work in selective breeding, nutritional requirements, and disease control. This work marks most of the progress fish culture has made during the past twenty-five years. This progress forms the first definite step away from the old system of hatching and distributing fish, a system which was founded by the ancient Chinese. The microscope has been the key which enabled the fish culturist to solve the riddle of success which has stood, unanswered, for 2,500 years.

Progressive Fish-Culturist↗

USGS1935

The bacterial diseases of fish

Of all the diseases responsible for the losses in the hatchery, those caused by the microscopic one-celled organisms, the bacteria, are the most common and present the most serious problem to the hatcheryman. They are found at practically every trout and salmon hatchery during some period of the year. The symptoms of the diseases they cause are difficult to recognize. This in itself is a hazard because treatment, to be successful, must be applied during the early stages or, in cases where no method of treatment is effective, the infected fish must be destroyed before the disease spreads to other parts of the hatchery. Here we have a group of diseases practically universal in distribution, difficult to recognize, and hard to treat even in those cases where a remedy is known. Every hatcheryman should be well acquainted with them for efficient and intelligent control. There follows a brief summary of the present status of our knowledge of the individual diseases.

Progressive Fish-Culturist↗

USGS1935

The protozoan diseases of hatchery fish

Following the somewhat bleak picture painted in the consideration of the bacterial diseases of hatchery fish in the last number of The Progressive Fish Culturist, it is a relief to turn to another large group of fish diseases caused by small, single-celled parasitic animals known as the protozoa. To the hatcheryman, the protozoan diseases of fish are just as important as the bacterial diseases for they are equally destructive if allowed to run unchecked. The protozoan diseases are just as common as those caused by bacteria, particularly at those hatcheries which depend upon lakes or streams for their water supplies. However, a very cheery point of difference exists between these two groups of diseases—the protozoan diseases are easier to recognize and, for the most part, they are exceedingly easy to eradicate. To the hatcheryman who has struggled day and night for weeks in an attempt to combat an epidemic wherein he is rewarded immediately by the satisfying sight of a complete recovery of his infected fish as the direct result of his labors.

Progressive Fish-Culturist↗

USGS1935

The Bureau of Fisheries disease service

Picture yourself bending over a trough picking eggs. The clatter of hoofs suddenly rings from the snow-covered hatchery roof—or if you must be technical—from the driveway. The hatchery door opens and in walks a bewhiskered gentleman wearing a brilliant red suit—it's Santa Claus. He walks slowly over to where you are standing—he speaks—

Progressive Fish-Culturist↗