Geology topics
Publications and source records attributed to C. S. Howard.
Practically all streams show a progressive increase in dissolved solids concentration from the headwaters to the mouth. Much of the increase is due to water coming in contact with natural, calcareous, or gypsiferous soils and dissolving large quantities of this material, thus increasing the hardness of the water.
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The location of industrial plants is dependent on an ample water supply of suitable quality. Information relating to the chemical characteristics of the water supplies is not only essential to the location of many plants but also is an aid in the manufacture and distribution of many commodities. Public water supplies are utilized extensively as a source of supply for many industrial plants, used either as delivered for domestic consumption or with further treatment if necessary to meet specific needs of the plant, such as water· for processing, cooling, and steam generation. The industrial use of water in the United States in 1950 was estimated to be more than 75 billion gallons per day from private sources. In addition, about 6 billion gallons per day was estimated to be taken from public water supplies. U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 658, "The industrial utility of public water supplies in the United States, 1932" contains information pertaining to the public water supplies of 670 of the larger cities throughout the United States. This report, which is still in print and being distributed, has filled an important need in the field of water-supply engineering. The demand for more up-to-date information and more extended coverage has led to studies by the Geological Survey for revision of the information contained in the 1932 report. The revised report, which will include data pertaining to public water supplies of more than 1, 200 cities in the United States, will eventually be published as a Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper. However, in order that the information might be available at the earliest possible time, nine preliminary reports are being issued which give data on the ·larger cities in each state. These nine reports are being released as Geological Survey Circulars, each covering a group of states as delineated by the Bureau of Census in taking the census of the population of the country. (See fig. 1). The reports give descriptive information and analytical data for approximately three-fourths of the cities that will be included in the final report for each of the states. This circular is the second of the series and includes data for the States of Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming. The report gives the population (1950) of the city, population supplied, ownership, sources and treatment of supplies, capacity of treatment plants, storage facilities for both raw and finished waters, and chemical analyses of the water for 11 cities in Arizona, 8 in Colorado, 12 in Idaho, 9 in Montana, 8 in Nevada, 9 in New Mexico, 9 in Utah, and 8 in Wyoming. The data for each city are essentially the same as will appear in the complete report for the whole country.
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This report gives the results obtained in the continuation of a study of the Colorado River begun in 1925.1 The analyses represent composites of daily samples collected by the observers at the gaging stations on the Colorado River at Cisco, Utah, and Lees Ferry and Grand Canyon, Ariz.; on the Green River at Green River, Utah; and on the San Juan River near Bluff, Utah. Analyses are given for samples collected about once a month from the Williams River at Planet, Ariz. The Arizona stations are operated under the direction of W. E. Dickinson, district engineer of the Geological Survey at Tucson, Ariz., and the Utah stations under the direction of A. B. Purton, district engineer of the Geological Survey at Salt Lake City, Utah. The average discharges given in Table 3 were calculated from data furnished by these district engineers. Complete discharge . data for this period will be published in the regular series of water-supply papers.
This report gives the results obtained in the continuation of a study of the Colorado River begun in 1925. 1 Most of the analyses here given represent composites of daily samples collected by the observers at the gaging stations on the Colorado River at Grand Canyon, Topock, and Yuma, Ariz. The other samples analyzed were taken at Lees Ferry and on tributaries of the Colorado. These stations are operated under the direction of W. E. Dickinson, district engineer of the Geological Survey at Tucson, Ariz., who personally collected some of the samples at other points and arranged for the collection of others. The average discharges in Table 2 were calculated from data furnished by W. E. Dickinson. Complete discharge data for this period will be published in the regular series of water-supply papers.
Determinations of the quantity of solid material carried by the Colorado River are necessary for the proper consideration of plans for the development of the resources of the river. Much of the material carried by the river will be deposited in the proposed reservoirs and eventually will occupy a large part of the capacity of the reservoirs, so that their effectiveness for flood control or river regulation will be greatly decreased. A capacity of 6,000,000 acre-feet is reserved for silt storage in plans for a reservoir in Boulder Canyon that is to have a maximum capacity of about 25,000,000 to 30,000,000 acre-feet. It has been estimated that such a silt-storage capacity will not be entirely used for nearly 100 years. 1 However, the discharge of sediment including the sediment from the Gila was reported to be more than 1,000,000 acre-feet for the four years 1909-1912 2 and a similar quantity for the four years 1912-1916 .3
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