The scope and severity of bat fatalities at US wind energy facilities
Wind turbines are a major source of bat fatalities in the United States, yet the magnitude and species-specific patterns of these fatalities have remained poorly quantified because monitoring has been site-specific, unstandardized, and not designed for landscape-level synthesis. In the most comprehensive analysis to date, we synthesized 499 post-construction monitoring reports and developed a multi-species Bayesian hierarchical framework with an adapted N-mixture model to pool information across sites and estimate total fatalities for ten bat species across the conterminous United States from 1981-2024. Our analysis predicts approximately 18.7 million bat fatalities over this period, with substantially higher species-specific totals than previously estimated. Our framework provides the first landscape-level analysis that can predict fatalities for unmonitored locations and years, identify landscape-level drivers of fatalities, produce a multi-decade hindcast of cumulative losses due to wind energy, and map where species-specific risk is highest. Although limitations and uncertainty remain, the magnitude of predicted fatalities may be comparable to total losses from white-nose syndrome, another major threat to North American bat populations. These threats affect largely different species, suggesting their impacts may compound, but updated population-level impact assessments could reveal potential cumulative effects. Our estimates of species-specific covariate relationships with rotor-swept area, ground clearance, land cover, and proximity to rivers, highlight opportunities to help reduce impacts through wind turbine design and siting. This work establishes a generalizable landscape-level framework for evaluating wildlife fatalities at wind energy facilities and highlights how coordinated monitoring, data sharing, and population-level impact assessments could further inform conservation efforts.